<p>Renuka lake is in the Sirmaur district of Himachal Pradesh in India and it is 672 m above the sea level. It is the largest lake in Himachal Pradesh, with a circumference of about 3214 m. This lake was named after the goddess Renuka. It is well connected by the road. Boating is available on the lake. A lion safari and a zoo are there at Renuka. It is the site of an annual fair held in November. It is designated as Ramsar site since November 2005.</p><br>
<p>Renuka was the mother of parshuram ji</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Distance from Parwanoo: 123 km.</p><br>
<p>Distance from Paonta Sahib: via Sataun 51 km</p><br>
<p>Distance from Nahan: 38 km.</p><br>
<h2>History of Renuka Fair</h2><br>
<p>On the eve of Prabodhini Ekadashi, the Five day long International level Shri Renuka Ji fair begins with the arrival of son Lord Parshuram at Shri Renuka Ji the Lake in Himachal, the home of his divine mother Shri Renuka Ji. During five day fair several lakhs of devotees from all over the country arrives here to witness the holy occasion of divine meeting of Lord Parshum &his mother Renuka Ji.</p><br>
<p>According to Puranas, the Renuka Tirth is considered as birthplace of Lord Parshuram, the sixth incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Maharish Jamdagni and his wife Bhagwati Renuka Ji had meditated for long time at a hillock known as Tape Ka Tiba near Renuka lake. With the blessings of Lord Shiva, Lord Vishnu fulfilled divine promise and took birth as their son. Sixth incarnation of Lord Vishnu and son of Renuka Ji pleased Lord Shiva with the performation of Tapa got a new name Parshuram after getting divine weapon Parshu from Lord Shiva. He has been referred every where in the Shashtras with the popular name Parshuram and not his childhood name Ram, which he got from his parents.</p><br>
<p>He always supported the cause of good governance where worries of every citizen are addressed judiciously by the rulers. To get people rid of atrocities of cruel rulers Lord Parshuram eliminated 21 times, cruel and atrocious rulers from the earth. He also killed King Sahastrabahu and his Army as King had attacked Tape ka Tiba Ashram in his absence, to get the Kamdhenu cow from Maharishi. After Maharishi pleaded that the Kamdhenu Cow was given him by Lord Indra in trust and he can not breach the trust by passing it to someone else. Shastrabahu killed Maharishi Jamdagni. Lord Parshurams mother Bhagwati Renuka Ji jumped in the Ram Sarovar and took Jal Samadhi. Purans narrates that Ram Sarovar immediately took the shape of a lady and since then it is known as Renuka Ji Lake.</p><br>
<p>After eliminating Sahashtrabahu in fierce battle he gave a new life to his father with his divine powers and came on the bank of the Lake and prayed his mother to come out of the Lake. Mother responded to his prayers and lord vowed in her feet. She said that she will permanently live in the Lake, but on the request of Lord Parshuram she promised that she will come out of the Lake on the occasion of Devprabodhini Ekadashi every year to meet her son. Bhagwati also promised that people gracing this pious occasion of mothers affection and sons devotion, would be showered with divine blessings.</p><br>
<p>One day advance, on Dashmi the palanquin of Lord Parshuram is brought to Renuka Ji from the ancient temple in Jamu Koti village in traditional procession known a ‘Shobha Yatra’, attended by lakhs of devotees.</p><br>
<p>Saints from every part of country come at Renuka Ji to witness holy and divine assembly of mother and son. The administration has made all the necessary arrangements for peaceful holding the fair. Elaborate security arrangements are made keeping view on terrorist activities.</p><br>
<h2>Sanctuary</h2><br>
<p>The sanctuary is situated in Sirmour district in Himachal Pradesh. The sanctuary is well connected by the network of motorable roads. The total area of the sanctuary is about 4.028 km². The entire sanctuary consists of Renuka Reserve Forest and has been declared as Abhayaranya. An area of roughly about 3 km² that lies outside the sanctuary has been declared as a buffer belt.</p><br>
<p>The sanctuary falls in the biogeographical zone IV and biogeographical province IV as per the classification done by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). According to forest types classification, the area falls under group 5B/C2, i.e., dry mixed deciduous forest and group 5/051, i.e., dry sal forest.</p><br>
<h2>Threats</h2><br>
<p>The lake is threatened by continuously shrinking size. The silt which is being deposited in the lake is causing a worry to the locals and the administration. The main cause of this is the soil being deposited on the banks, with the rain water and landslides in the nearby mountains. Also the waste of construction material is being dumped into the lake for years, which is a big threat to the environment. Administration and Renuka Vikas Smiti is trying its best to protect the lake. Plastic bags are banned in the entire region.</p><br>
<p>If correct steps are not taken to save the lake timely, it will affect environment and also the business of the locals, which depends upon tourism, attracted by the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Belton Chalets are a group of historic hotel buildings in the village of West Glacier, Montana, near the western entrance to Glacier National Park. The chalet buildings were built in 1910-11 by the Great Northern Railway  as the first component of the railroads ambitious program of hotel, road, and trail construction in Glacier. The buildings featured a "Swiss Chalet" architectural style that set the style for much of the Great Northerns building program in Glacier. Ultimately, the site included five buildings, including a dining hall and a hotel facility.</p><br>
<p>During the 1910s and 1920s the Belton Chalet was operated by the Glacier Park Hotel Company, the GN subsidiary responsible for the railroads concession operations in Glacier. The property was less successful than the GNs other Glacier facilities, however, probably due to its remoteness from the park&#39;s other railway-operated hotels, and by the 1930s it saw only intermittent use. The railway sold the chalet buildings in 1946, and the main hotel building stood empty for most of the next five decades, while a cafe and bar intermittently operated in the old dining hall. In 1997, the property was acquired by new owners who undertook a $1 million restoration of the entire complex, and the hotel reopened beginning with the 1998 summer season. The chalet buildings, together with other sites were included in the National Historic Landmark designation of Great Northern Railway Buildings in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The North Fork of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River is a 6.9 mi river located in the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the East Branch of the Pemigewasset River, part of the Merrimack River watershed.</p><br>
<p>The North Fork begins at the outlet of Ethan Pond in the southeastern corner of Bethlehem, New Hampshire and just north of the northeastern corner of the Pemigewasset Wilderness in the heart of the White Mountains. The river flows west and enters the town limits of Lincoln, the second-largest town by area in New Hampshire. Passing under the Appalachian Trail (and entering the Pemigewasset Wilderness), the North Fork drops over Thoreau Falls and encounters Whitewall Brook flowing south out of Zealand Notch. Turning southwest, the North Fork flows through a deep valley with Mount Bond to the west, and joins the East Branch of the Pemigewasset in a broad valley directly north of Mount Hancock.</p><br>
<p>The North Fork is paralleled by the Appalachian Trail from Ethan Pond to Thoreau Falls, and by the Thoreau Falls Trail from there to the East Branch of the Pemigewasset.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tugalo is a 597 acre reservoir with 18 mi of shoreline located in the northeastern Georgia in Habersham and Rabun counties, but also lies partially in Oconee County, South Carolina. It is the fifth lake in a six-lake series created by hydroelectric dams operated by Georgia Power that follows the original course of the Tallulah River. The series starts upstream on the Tallulah River with Lake Burton followed by Lake Seed, Lake Rabun, Lake Tallulah Falls and Lake Tugalo, ending with Lake Yonah. The western arm of Lake Tugalo is filled by the Tallulah River and the eastern arm is filled by the Chattooga River. Georgia Power considers the lake full at a surface elevation of 891.5 ft.</p><br>
<p>Lake Tugalo began filling in 1923 with the completion of the Tugalo Dam, a gravity concrete and masonry dam. The dam is 155 ft high and has a span of 740 ft. The Tugalo Hydroelectric Plant has a generation capacity of 45 megawatts.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Round Barn is located in Mendon, Illinois, in northwestern Adams County. It is one of 14 round barns recognized by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency. The barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>When Charles E. Lewis decided he needed a large barn for his large herd of cattle and hogs, he thought outside the box, so to speak. Having heard about three round barns built around 1900 for the College of Agriculture at the University of Illinois, he was intrigued. The efficiency of the round barns structure is what impressed Lewis, but he didnt need the universitys barns - he needed a much larger barn. His mind began to build a vision of a barn that was much larger than any round barn built in the Midwest, at the time. He selected 40 acre of timbered land from the 160 acre Grove Place, a recent acquisition of his fathers estate. The land was thick with large elm and oak trees, as well as other native Illinois tree species. Lewis built a portable sawmill at the site and hired several men to log the land with cross-cut saws and axes, while also working the logs into lumber and piling them to air dry. This occurred during the fall and continued well into the winter of 1911.</p><br>
<p>Lambert Huber, a prominent carpenter in the area, was hired as architect, engineer and building foreman. Though he had never built a round barn, he decided to undertake the project. Even with Huber hired, construction on the barn could not commence until 1914, when all the lumber had sufficiently cured.</p><br>
<p>The project itself was somewhat complicated, even for a round barn. The roof of the barn was to be an entirely self-supporting dome without structural support, to save the outside walls of the building. The four-section rafters of the roof would be reinforced at each of the joints. The project began with the digging of ditches where concrete foundation footings were poured. The footings would support the outer, circular wall. A 24 ft diameter circle was laid out in order to accommodate the silo and silage feeding bunk around the silo.</p><br>
<p>A 40 ft stave silo was constructed at the site, with an 18 ft diameter. The silo was constructed out of Douglas fir staves that had been totally cleared of knots. The barn itself had siding of one inch by 12 in white pine, and long, wooden shingles made from Western red cedar. Of all the wood required to construct the Lewis Round Barn, only the shingles and siding materials had to be purchased; the rest came from the property&#39;s woodland that was logged to create the barn site.</p><br>
<p>Once concrete pillars were poured, foundations of the 6 X 6 posts supporting the circular haymow at the site were created, and the dome-shaped roof could be erected. The rafters were assembled on the mow floor, so the true challenge proved to be hefting them into place. Each of the rafters, 50 ft in length, were made of heavy, hardwood lumber. The roof construction required the building of a 46 ft scaffold structure from the haymow floor up. A 10 ft diameter laminated wooden, circular ring was built at a carpentry shop in Camp Point and placed atop the scaffold. These additions dramatically increased efficiency but there were not enough workers to raise the massive beams. The problem of the raising of the rafters would be solved by an old horse.</p><br>
<p>One of Lewis favorite horses, "Old Kit", came into play. With a series of ropes and pulleys, a boom pole and the horse the rafters were slowly lifted into place. Each rafter was raised and nailed into place on the barns top ring. As three or four of the rafters were raised into place it became apparent that a high wind could take the partially completed roof structure down, workers hoped for no high winds. Their hopes were granted and no high winds arose until all of the rafters were raised the roof was complete. To top off the dome a cupola roof was added with a lightning rod. At the very top a weather vane was added with a steer said to be covered in gold leaf.</p><br>
<p>With the barn complete Huber remarked that he had lost many hours of sleep trying to figure out the many specification of the building as well as its numerous parts. Though he thought the barn a complete success he said he would never build another round barn.</p><br>
<h3>20th century renovations</h3><br>
<p>The barn served Lewis&#39; purpose for many years but time began to take its toll. In the late 50s or early 60s the weight of the cupola caused part of the roof start sagging. The cupola was removed and the hole was shingled over. Eventually the entire roof was reshingled and in the recent past five of the Lewis brothers and a cousin held a working weekend to make repairs. A portion of the barn had to be jacked up and a major foundation buttress had to be replaced with new concrete. Window openings were covered with plexiglas and a cable was installed around the outside of the barn to prevent further spreading of the building. It was then that the Lewis family decided if the barn was to survive the 21st century it would need continued care and maintenance. The family donated the barn to the Adams County Olde Tyme Association. The association proposed a bold move for the historic site.</p><br>
<h3>Moving the barn</h3><br>
<p>The barn could be moved, the association proposed, moved 25 mi away, to a site near the Adams County Fair Grounds. The barn&#39;s importance was demonstrated when the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency awarded a $150,000 grant to assist in the moving and restoration of the Lewis Round Barn. The project faced much criticism, many thinking the Olde Tyme Association had lost its marbles if it believed the nearly 100 year structure could be successfully moved. Regardless, the project steamed forward. The plans got off the drawing board in early 2000 when a contract was awarded to a group of Amish carpenters and work began.</p><br>
<p>Two sets of old shingles were peeled from the roof. Chain saws hacked the roof into numerous pie-shaped pieces. The haymow and the outside walls were dismantled and moved to the new site. The barn was gone, only the silo remained standing, a solitary testament to history. The Association contracted a crane to pick up the entire silo and lay it down on a flat bed truck trailer. Then a heavy duty farm tractor came in to pull the silo down the hill. As the tractor started up the hill the silo looked as if it were going to collapse inwardly so the tractor was stopped and the silo chained off to a tree overnight until the Amish carpenters could reinforce the silo&#39;s bracing. The next day the silo was slowly pulled over gravel country roads, the State of Illinois would not permit the silo to travel over concrete State Highways, to its new site.</p><br>
<p>At the new site the walls were re-erected. High winds threatened to derail the entire project when the walls were blown down before they could be stabilized, oddly echoing the very concerns that the workers on the original construction of the barn had voiced nearly a century earlier. When the walls came down they took part of the first rafters with them and the project looked doomed. It was not, however, and the walls were re-erected, the project went forward. When the roof was finished off a replica cupola was installed on the top and the project was a total success.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Manor is a postbellum manor located in Cairo, Illinois, located in Alexander County. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 17, 1969.</p><br>
<p>The house is operated as a Victorian period historic house museum by the Cairo Historical Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The manor was built by the Cairo businessman Charles A. Galigher in 1869. It is a 14-room red brick house which features double walls intended to keep out the city&#39;s famous dampness with their ten-inch airspaces. Inside the home are many original, 19th-century furnishings. Galigher became a friend of Ulysses S. Grant during the time Grant had command in Cairo. When Grant retired after two terms as president he was subject of a lavish celebration at Magnolia Manor.</p><br>
<p>Pettit Memorial Chapel or simply, Pettit Chapel, is one of the few chapels ever designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The Pettit Chapel is located in the Belvidere Cemetery in Belvidere, Illinois, United States, which is in Boone County. It was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 1978. The chapel is an early example of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s famed Prairie style. It is one of only two structures meant for a cemetery settings that Wright ever created.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Emma Pettit commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to design the Pettit Chapel as a memorial to her deceased husband, Dr. William H. Pettit. The building was built in 1907 for US$3,000 and stands next to the grave of Mr. Pettit in Belvidere Cemetery. Doctor William H. Pettit was a beloved physician and humanitarian who had the largest private medical practice in northern Iowa. His sudden passing in 1899 was mourned across the state of Iowa and newspaper accounts from the time indicate that perhaps only the governor of Iowa was more well-liked. After Pettits death his wife, Emma, deliberated over a suitable memorial to her late husband. She chose a site in Belvidere, Illinois, William Pettits hometown, and selected a chapel as the memorial. Emma Pettit was led to Frank Lloyd Wright by her brother, William A. Glasner, whose 1905 home in Glencoe, Illinois was designed by Wright.</p><br>
<p>Pettit Chapel has undergone two periods of restoration during its history. In 1977, the Belvidere Junior Womens Club raised $60,000 to save the chapel, which had deteriorated. The restoration work was matched to Wrights original work through his drawings of the chapel. On June 8, 1981 (Wright&#39;s birthday) the chapel was rededicated. From June until November 2003 the chapel underwent its second period of restoration and repair. $40,000 worth of repairs included a new roof, new floorboards for the porch, new steps and painting. The repairs were paid for through a state of Illinois tourism grant and money from a trust fund set up through the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Original design drawings by Wright show that the front facade of the chapel was to be decorated with a modest fountain and pool, which, along with a small plaque was meant to mark the chapel as a memorial. The sanctuary area of the chapel was labeled as a "recess with memorial" in the original drawings as well. These elements integrated to characterize the chapel as a memorial to Dr. Pettit. The T-shaped building is about 57 ft (17.37 m) by 42 ft (12.8 m), with the cross section being the shorter of the two. The building sits well within the cemetery grounds and is accessible in a car only by cemetery roadways. Its cemetery location is unique among Frank Lloyd Wright buildings as this is the only example of its type.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the T shapes "stem" is adorned with a fireplace at the Ts crossing point. The cross of the T is an open-air, covered porch. The porch not only incorporates the open terrace common to other Wright designed buildings of the era but also has an explicit functionality. Wright meant for the porch to be used by those attending funerals while they waited for cars. The balloon framed building&#39;s basement contains restrooms, storage and a furnace room.</p><br>
<p>The design of the building is such that depending upon how it is viewed it can alternate between symmetrical and asymmetrical. Those angles from which it appears symmetrical express a solemn formality. It embodies the very essence of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s Prairie building: the roof and its overhanging eaves, the abstract geometric art glass windows, the raised functional floor and the "plastic expression" of the stucco exterior and its contrasting wood trim.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Pettit Memorial Chapel was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 1978. Its nomination form for that listing stated its significance for inclusion as architecture. As the only example of Frank Lloyd Wrights work intended for a cemetery setting it is the only one of his works which can be directly compared with some of Louis Sullivans acclaimed early modern work meant for a cemetery setting. The Getty Tomb, designed while Wright was a draftsman in Sullivans office, and the Ryerson and Wainwright Tombs were all designed by Sullivan for a cemetery setting. The Getty Tomb was Sullivans earliest move toward modern architecture while the Ryerson and Wainwright Tombs brought him further acclaim. Each of the buildings expresses the architects concept of pure design, Wrights makes the building serve a purpose, while Sullivan&#39;s relates directly to the large scale of his commercial works.</p><br>
<p>The chapel is considered one of the earliest example of Wright&#39;s prairie period and was used for funerals until the 1920s when the rise of funeral parlors overtook funerals in churches and chapels. The cemetery itself opened in 1847 and contains 13,000 known graves.</p><br>
<p>The Tenryū River is a river in central Honshū, Japan. With a length of 213 km, it is Japan&#39;s ninth longest river.</p><br>
<p>Its source is Lake Suwa in the Kiso Mountains, near Okaya in Nagano Prefecture. It passes Aichi Prefecture, and flows through western Shizuoka Prefecture</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Tenryū River is the only river exiting Lake Suwa. It follows a generally southern course. The upper reaches of the river in the Ina Basin of Nagano Prefecture is a rich agricultural area. The river exits through a gap between the Kiso Mountains (Central Alps) and the Akaishi Mountains (Southern Alps), which forms the border between Shizuoka and Nagano Prefectures. This area is characterized by heavy rainfall (up to 3000 mm per year) and deep V-shaped valleys. Continuing south through Shizuoka Prefecture, the river drains a wide coastal plain noted for fruit and rice production. The city of Hamamatsu is near the river mouth at the Philippine Sea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tenryū River is mentioned in Nara period records as the Violent Tenryū for its fast, turbulent flow and its propensity to flood. The upper portion of the river (in Shinano Province) was referred to as the Tenryūgawa, whereas the lower portion (in Tōtōmi Province) was often referred to as the Aratama River. In various entries in the national historical chronicle Shoku Nihongi, flooding of the river is mentioned in the years 710 CE and 765 CE. Records through the Heian period and Kamakura period are sparse, but from the Muromachi period, increasing efforts at flood control were made by various warlords and landholders along the river by construction of dikes, levees, and channels.</p><br>
<p>With the occupation of Hamamatsu Castle by Tokugawa Ieyasu, considerable efforts were made to increase the revenues of Tōtōmi Province through creation of new rice fields with irrigation from the Tenryū River. However, flooding remained a problem, including a great flood in 1674 which washed away many of the earthen works of previous centuries.</p><br>
<h3>Transport</h3><br>
<p>During the Edo period, the Tōkaidō (road) developed as the major highway linking Edo with Kyoto, and daimyo from the western domains were forced to travel on a regular basis to Edo to attend to the shogun in a system known as sankin-kōtai. However, the Tokugawa shogunate prohibited the building of bridges over major rivers as a security measure. As depicted in contemporary ukiyo-e prints by artists such as Hokusai, travelers crossed the river on ferryboats, as the current was too fast and too deep for fording. In cases of bad weather or high waters, they were forced to stay several days (or even several weeks) beside the river at post stations (shukuba) such as Mitsuke-juku.</p><br>
<p>The river was bridged shortly after the Meiji Restoration by road and railroad bridges. Today the Tōkaidō Shinkansen express train crosses the river in a few seconds.</p><br>
<h2>Hydroelectric development</h2><br>
<p>The potential of the Tenryū River valley for hydroelectric power development was realized by the Meiji government at the start of the 20th century. The Tenryū River was characterized by a high volume of flow and a fast current. Its mountainous upper reaches and tributaries were areas of steep valleys and abundant rainfall, and were sparsely populated. However, the bulk of investment in hydroelectric power generation in the region was centered on the Ōi River, and it was not until the Taishō period that development began on the Tenryū River.</p><br>
<p>Private entrepreneur Fukuzawa Momosuke founded the Tenryūgawa Electric Power, which later became Yahagi Hydroelectric before it was nationalized into the pre-war government monopoly Japan Electric Generation and Transmission Company in 1938. The first dam on the main stream of the River, the Yasuoka Dam was completed in 1935. This was followed by the Iwakura Dam in 1938. The Hiraoka Dam was started in 1938, but completed until 1951 due to the start of World War II.</p><br>
<p>After the end of World War II, the American occupation authorities ordered the dissolution of Nippon Hassoden, which was divided into regional power companies. Central Japan came under Chubu Electric Power, which inherited the various dams and projects on the Tenryū River, all of which were located in Nagano Prefecture. For develop of the hydroelectric potential of the river in Shizuoka Prefecture, the government turned to the Electric Power Development Company. The new company, in part through foreign aid loans from the United Nations, and with the use of new dam technologies completed the huge Sakuma Dam in the 1956, at the time the 10th largest in the world. Further dams were completed in the 1960s and 1970s until the completion of the Funagira Dam in 1976 brought development of the Tenryū River to a close.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental consequences</h3><br>
<p>These dams have altered the once abundant flow of the Tenryū River, and the lower reaches of the river near its mouth are almost dry.</p><br>
<p>This has had the unexpected effect of greatly increased erosion on the coastline of Shizuoka Prefecture, near Hamamatsu, especially around the Nakatajima Sand Dunes. Meanwhile, at the same time, the vast amount of sand and silt trapped in various dams upstream have resulted in greatly lowered operational lives than originally projected. Methods to increase dredging in dams and to channel the silt and sand downstream to the ocean via a series of pipelines have been explored.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Tenryū River Valley is partially within the Tenryū-Okumikawa Quasi-National Park.</p><br>
<p>The Tenryū Hamanako Railroad Tenryū Hamanako Line runs along the lower reaches of the Tenryū River valley, whereas the Iida Line runs along the upper reaches of the river into upper Shizuoka and Nagano prefectures, with a stop at Sakuma Station near the namesake dam.</p><br>
<p>The Normal Theater is a cinema located in the downtown area of Normal, Illinois of the United States of America, which is located in McLean County. The theater closed for a time in the early 1990s but reopened in 1993 after being purchased and renovated by the town of Normal. It has since been in continuous operation, showing a mix of first run and classic films. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places and has been since July 25, 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Normal Theater opened for operation in November 1937. The Streamline Moderne building was a state of the art cinema at the time which was built to "show sound movies in the best comfortable environment." The original commercial operation of the Normal Theater ended in May 1990 after it had been divided into a two screen theater a few years prior. The Town of Normal purchased the theater and reopened it in 1993 through a community restoration effort. Today theater goers enjoy a "throwback" theater going experience in the fully restored art deco theater. The inside restoration installed plush, coral colored seating, blue, maroon and salmon colored walls, high-modern style aisle lights and layered ceiling of multi colored neon lights.</p><br>
<p>Baxter Creek or Stege Creek , is a three-branch creek in Richmond and El Cerrito, California, United States forming the Baxter Creek watershed. The creek has three sources and flows from the Berkeley Hills to Stege Marsh and the San Francisco Bay. The Baxter Creek watershed at-large has 10 sources.</p><br>
<p>The creek has been largely culverted over the years since the Rancho San Pablo and the subdivided Bishop Ranch, then known as Bishop Creek, were urbanized. Residents missed the creek when it disappeared under the asphalt and formed Friends of Baxter Creek. This group has aided in the restoration of several portions of the creek. Baxter Creek Park, Poinsett Park, and Booker T. Anderson Park are now in a more natural riparian condition, though the Anderson Park portion has been plagued by litter and shopping carts.</p><br>
<p>The Ohlone Greenway bicycle and pedestrian path has its northern terminus at Baxter Creek Gateway Park, located just north of where the BART tracks cross over San Pablo Avenue in Richmond.</p><br>
<p>The origins of the name Baxter Creek is unknown, but historians believe it to be from a family which once owned land in the area. Stege is from Richard Stege and Bishop comes from Thomas Bishop, who once owned large tracts of land in the area.</p><br>
<p>Much of the streamside vegetation that had been restored to Booker T. Anderson Park was chainsawed away and leveled due to concerns that the riparian habitat hid muggings, drug dealings, and public sex from police patrols.</p><br>
<p>Beavertail Lighthouse, built in 1856, was and still is the premier lighthouse in Rhode Island, United States, marking the entrance to Narragansett Bay. The 64 ft lighthouse lies on the southernmost point of Conanicut Island in the town of Jamestown, Rhode Island in Beavertail State Park, on a site where beacons have stood since the early 18th century. The Whistle House and Garage were destroyed by the New England Hurricane of 1938. The light provides navigation for boats and ships entering Narragansett Bay in the East Passage between Conanicut Island and Newport, Rhode Island on Aquidneck Island. Other lighthouses, such as Castle Hill Lighthouse, Point Judith Light, and Rose Island Light are visible from Beavertail Lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>Its white light rotates counterclockwise and makes a full rotation in about six or seven seconds. The light is on 24 hours per day with a rotation every 6 seconds, unlike many lighthouses that are near it. It has a loud foghorn that blasts about every 30 seconds during the fog.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the establishment of a lighthouse at Beavertail, local Native Americans would keep pitch fires burning, to warn sailors away from the rocky coastline. The earliest records of the town of Jamestown making reference to construction of a beacon date to 1712, and mention a watch house in 1705. In 1749, a wooden tower was built, and the light (which was then known as "Newport Light") became the third lighthouse established in the colonies, preceded only by Boston Light in Boston Harbor, and Brant Point Light, Nantucket. A fire was lit at the top of the tower, as was common for the time. Four years later it burned down and was replaced by a stone tower.</p><br>
<p>In 1779, as British sailors retreating from Newport near the end of the American Revolutionary War, they left a trail of destruction behind them. This included burning the lighthouse and removing the optics, which left the light dark for the rest of the war.</p><br>
<p>In 1856, the tower was again replaced with what is now the current tower, made of granite which is 10 ft square, and 64 ft from ground to beacon. A 3rd order Fresnel lens was placed and over the next forty years it was the site of numerous fog-signal tests, under the supervision of the United State Lighthouse board. In 1898 quarters for an assistant keeper were added to the keeper&#39;s house, the assistant helped, among other things, with fog-signaling.</p><br>
<p>During the 1938 hurricane, the whistle house was destroyed, revealing the original base for the 1749 structure, which sits 100 ft from the current tower. A few miles southwest of Beavertail point, Whale Rock can be seen, resembling a submarine attempting to surface. Whale Rock Lighthouse, and its keeper, Walter Eberle, were swept into the waters of Narragansett bay during the hurricane of 1938; Eberle&#39;s body was never recovered.</p><br>
<p>In 1939, the US Coast Guard took command of all lighthouses and navigational aids, and in 1989 Beavertail light was automated, as part of a program by the Coast Guard, which ended the job the keeper at all stations except for Boston Light, which to this day, remains the only manned lighthouse in America.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, following a joint effort by the US Coast Guard, Rhode Island Parks Management, the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management, and the town of Jamestown, the building was restored and reopened to the public. In 1993, Beavertail Lighthouse Museum Association (BLMA) was established to oversee the operations of the Beavertail Lighthouse Museum, which is located in the assistant keeper&#39;s house. The museum includes a Fresnel lens, and the history of, models and photos of many Rhode Island lighthouses.</p><br>
<h2>Keepers and assistants</h2><br>
<p>The University of Illinois Astronomical Observatory, located at 901 S. Mathews Avenue in Urbana, Illinois, on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, was built in 1896, and was designed by Charles A. Gunn. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 6, 1986, and on December 20, 1989, was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Though none of the astronomical instruments are being used for professional research today, the observatory still contains a 12" Brashear refractor. The observatory played a key role in the development of astronomy as it was home to a key innovation in the area of astronomical photometry. The facility has been directed by such noted scientists as Joel Stebbins and Robert Horace Baker.</p><br>
<p>Erected at the behest of the Illinois General Assembly, the University of Illinois Observatory became important in the development of astronomy due, in large part, to pioneering research by Dr. Stebbins, from 1907 to 1922. Joel Stebbins left the University of Illinois in 1922 but left behind a legacy of discovery that helped alter the face of modern astronomy. The building served the University of Illinois astronomy department from its opening until 1979, when the department moved into a new, larger building to house its growing staff.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Astronomy classes at the University of Illinois date to its earliest days. The first courses focused on measurement of the night sky and was taken by civil engineering students to sharpen their surveying skills. A small observatory consisting of a 4-inch refractor and a small transit telescope was constructed by 1872. The astronomy courses were typically taught by the mathematics department and by the early 1890s, several mathematics instructors wanted to do more with astronomy. An expanded astronomy curriculum would require a new larger facility. The Illinois state legislature voted in 1895 to fund a new teaching observatory at the University of Illinois, providing $15,000 for construction. The site chosen was a grass knoll between Matthews Avenue and Burrill Avenue, just north of the Morrow Plots, a National Historic Landmark that is the nation&#39;s oldest experimental field. Contracts were extended to Charles A. Gunn, the architect and an instructor on campus, and Bevis and Company in Urbana as the general contractor with construction beginning in April 1896. The building was completed by August at a total cost of $6,800. The principle telescope was installed in November and the final telescope was in place by February 1897.</p><br>
<p>The first director of the observatory was George W. Myers. Myers was an Champaign county native who graduated from the university in 1888. He remained as a mathematics instructor also teaching the spring Descriptive Astronomy course. In preparation for the directorship he spent two years in Munich earning his Ph.D in astronomy. In his first year as director, G.W. Myers announced the discovery of the source of the variability in the star Beta Lyrae at the opening conference for Yerkes Observatory. W.C. Brenke, an astronomy instructor, served as acting director until a new director was hired in 1903.</p><br>
<h3>Stebbins' research</h3><br>
<p>Before 1907, all magnitude measurements for stars were obtained through visual comparison of relative brightness, a process that was slow and inexact. Later photographic methods would use starlight to make a representation on a photographic plate. Regardless, neither method was adequate for quantitative measurements. The drawback of previous methods of measuring stellar magnitude made the use of electricity for empirically gathering astronomical data revolutionary for the science of astronomy. Joel Stebbins&#39; pioneering research for astronomical photometry took place at the observatory.</p><br>
<p>Stebbins arrived as director of the University of Illinois Observatory after he completed his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley in 1903. Once Stebbins arrived fresh from his dissertation completed at Lick Observatory, he began a two-year study of the brightness of 107 binary stars using a Pickering visual photometer. The research, with the assistance of his wife, May Stebbins, investigated the relative brightness on binary stars using visual techniques. In a 1957 speech at the American Astronomical Society, Stebbins recalled the events which led up to the electric cells:</p><br>
<p>"She (May Stebbins) wrote down the numbers as the observer called them, but after some nights of recording a hundred readings just to get one magnitude, she said it was pretty slow business. I responded that someday we would do all this by electricity. That was a fatal remark. Thereafter she would often prod me with the question, "When are you going to change to electricity?" It happened that within two or three months, the Department of Physics gave an open house, and one of the exhibits was in (the) charge of a young instructor, F.C. Brown. He showed how, when he turned on a lamp to illuminate a selenium cell, a bell would ring, when the lamp was off, the bell would stop. Here was the idea: Why not turn on a star to a cell on a telescope and measure a current?"</p><br>
<p>Stebbins and Fay C. Brown soon became friends and in time, they had a selenium cell positioned on the 12 in telescope at the observatory. In the summer of 1907, after several attempts, the two achieved a light curve for Earths moon and measured the moons brightness during a lunar eclipse. This marked the first time in America that electricity was used to measure astronomical brightness. Later Stebbins went further, discovering that by cooling the cell to zero degrees Fahrenheit he would double the cell sensitivity and diminish irregularities in the circuit tenfold, still further, by reducing the size of the cell the irregularities were reduced more. The pair went on to detect stellar intensity and activity that were previously unrecorded. In 1909 their observations of Algol detected for the first time the second minimum as well as limb brightening. The coming of Comet Halley in 1910 allowed Stebbins, in May, to use his selenium photometer to study the comet. Two years later Stebbins used the photometer and discovered four stars to be eclipsing binary stars: Beta Aurigae, Spica, Alpha Coronae Borealis and Delta Orionis.</p><br>
<p>Although the selenium cell photometer was proving successful, it was difficult to use and not very sensitive. Illinois physics professor Jakob Kunz suggested that Stebbins try a photoelectric cell. Kunz had been doing experimentation on an improved photoelectric cell which was alkali based. Kunz&#39;s cell was the predecessor of the modern day "electric eye." Stebbins left for a sabbatical in Europe in fall of 1912. While he was gone, Kunz and another Illinois physicists W.F. Schulz successfully tested a photoelectric cell photometer at the Observatory.</p><br>
<p>Upon his return from sabbatical in August 1913, Stebbins ended his pioneering work with the selenium cell and began working with Kunz on the new photometer. A number of other notable astronomical discoveries occurred at the observatory through the years. In 1915 Stebbins object of study became the star involved in Myers first big discovery at the observatory, Beta Lyrae. He thus began an aggressive research program produced a series of papers in the Astrophysical Journal on eclipsing binaries Lambda Tauri, Algol, 1H Cassiopeiae (HR 8926), ellipsoidal variables π5 Orionis, and b Persei, and Nova Aquilae (V603 Aquilae) in 1918. Stebbins and Kunz also travelled to Wyoming to study the Solar eclipse of June 8, 1918. Dr. Elmer Dershem joined the Observatory staff in 1917 and rebuilt the photometer in the summer of 1919. By 1922, Charles Wylie completed the first Illinois astronomy doctorate for his photoelectric studies of the Cepheid Η Aquilae, and Sigma Aquilae noting its variations due to tidal distortions.</p><br>
<p>Stebbins research earned him several honors while at Illinois. In 1913 he was awarded the Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Science, and in 1915 the Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences. The research was also supported by grants from the Draper fund of the National Academy of Sciences and the Rumford Fund of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served as an officer of the American Astronomical Society and was one of the American delegates in 1918 to attend the organizational meeting of the International Astronomical Union in Brussels. After numerous discoveries, Stebbins left the University of Illinois in 1922 for the Washburn Observatory in Wisconsin and Dr. Robert H. Baker took over as the new Director of the University of Illinois Observatory. However, because the observatory lost its pioneering researcher in Stebbins did not mean that discovery and science did not continue at the university&#39;s observatory.</p><br>
<h3>Robert Baker, third director</h3><br>
<p>When Robert Baker arrived he continued a photoelectric photometry program focusing on variable stars. He continued to use the 12-inch refractor until 1927 when a new photometer was constructed and attached it to the 30-inch reflector telescope in the Observatory annex. He supervised two graduate students who worked on this equipment in the early 1930s. On May 27, 1933 the star Arcturus provided light which fell onto a photo cell in the observatorys annex and sent a signal to open the Chicago Worlds Fair.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression was soon in full swing. and the department budget fell from $1000 to a mere $200. It was during this time that Dr. Baker authored a number of books. Baker was an extremely gifted writer whose clear simple work helped him explain what was going on up there to an entire generation. In 1930, he authored the textbook Astronomy, followed in 1932 by The Universe Unfolding, and his revision of Simon Newcomb&#39;s Astronomy for Everyone. In 1934 Baker described an imaginary trip to the moon in When the Stars Come Out. His second textbook, An Introduction to Astronomy also appeared in 1934. Introducing the Constellation was published in 1937 and, with the help of Howard Zim in 1951, Stars: A Guide to the Heavens. His textbooks were used across the entire country for undergraduate astronomy courses and praised as classics.</p><br>
<p>After two sabbaticals to Harvard, Bakers interest moved from photometry to the Milky Way. In 1939 the 30-inch reflector was replaced with a Ross photographic telescope and for more than ten years after that, 1939 through 1951 Baker used the observatorys photographic telescope to help count the stars in the Milky Way and determine their distribution as part of Harvards Star Counting Circuit. This would be the primary research until Bakers retirement in 1951. The 12-inch refractor was only used for instruction, public open houses and for visiting school groups.</p><br>
<h3>Modern department</h3><br>
<p>The university decided that it was time to increase the size of the department and hired Dr. George C. McVittie as the next director. After his arrival in the fall of 1952, McVittie began the refurbishment of the Observatorys major instruments. The 12-inch refractor and the 3-inch transit telescope were restored in 1954 by J.W. Fecker Company. He also began expanding the faculty. Dr. Stanley Wyatt joined the faculty in 1953, George Swenson and Ivan King in 1956, Kennth Yoss, John Dickel and James Kaler in 1964 and Edward Olson in 1966. With George Swensons arrival, Illinois began a program of radio astronomy resulting in the Vermillion River Radio Observatory that opened in 1962. Prairie Observatory was an optical observatory consisting of a 40-inch telescope and was completed in 1967. By the time of Dr. McVittie&#39;s retirement in 1971, the one-astronomer department had expanded to nine faculty with research interests in relativity, cosmology, celestial mechanics, perturbation theory, dynamics of star clusters, planetary nebulae, planets, supernovae and radio astronomy. The department which produced only five advanced degrees prior to 1951 graduated 29 Masters and 14 Doctoral student during the McVittie administration.</p><br>
<p>On October 4, 1957, the very evening of the launch of Sputnik, students and faculty met at the Observatory and constructed an improvised radio interferometer. They published the first precise ephemeris in Nature in November. Their success helped gather momentum and funding for the radio astronomy program.</p><br>
<h3>Current history</h3><br>
<p>The observatory underwent major renovations and additions in 1956 and 1966 to accommodate the growing faculty (see architecture section below). In 1967, the 12 inch telescope at the observatory made its last professional photometric observations. The University of Illinois Astronomy Department moved out of the building in 1979. The same year the observatory received recognition by the National Register of Historic Places, 1986, thousands gathered at the site to observe Comet Halleys journey into the inner solar system.</p><br>
<p>The observatory is no longer used for research purposes, though the telescope is still used as a teaching tool in the university&#39;s astronomy classes. In addition, a University of Illinois student astronomy organization uses the telescope. The observatory dome underwent a renovation that included repainting in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Equipment</h2><br>
<p>The primary instrument is a refractor of 12.4 inches clear aperture and of 15 ft. focal length. The optics are by John A. Brashear of Pittsburgh and the mechanical parts by the Warner & Swasey Company of Cleveland. Eyepieces provide magnification ranging from 130 to 720 power.</p><br>
<p>It is mounted on a rectangular cast-iron column of two-tons weight that rests on the masonry pier. Through a glass door in the column you can see the driving clock that keeps the telescope turning westward just as fast as the stars go, so that a star remains in view as long as the astronomer wishes to observe it. The telescope turns on two axes at the top of the column. One axis slants upwards toward the north pole of the heavens; the other at right angles to it, and it is to this one that the tube of the telescope is attached. Two large circles provide graduated scales for locating objects by their coordinates. The instrument can be turned on these axes toward any part of the sky. It is a heavy instrument, but so perfectly balanced that the astronomer moves it easily with one hand.</p><br>
<p>The principle transit circle was a 3-inch Combined Transit and Zenith telescope designed by Warner & Swasey especially for Illinois. The objective, by John Brashear, was held in place by a special cell that compensated for the different temperature conductivities of the brass and glass so that temperature had no effect on the location or separation of the lenses. Designated as model M-505, the transit included a handing level, micrometer and a built in reversing mechanism. This transit was located in the east-central transit room allowing direct access to the clock room through a small window. The instrument cost $1200 in 1896.</p><br>
<p>The transit circle was capable of determining both right ascension and declination of a star, unlike the more simple and common transit instrument that can only determine the right ascension. Such an instrument could also be used to set the Observatory’s clocks by observing standard stars whose position was precisely known.</p><br>
<p>In addition there were three other smaller transit telescopes, two clocks by Clemens Riefler of Munich, and other accessories including sextants, chronometers, and teaching tools.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building, itself, is in a traditional observatory design, Colonial Revival style, following a T-plan. The dome rises 35 ft in the air. The observatory was built on a one-story T-plan, facing north, of buff-colored Roman brick (from Indiana) and features limestone lintels and sills. The cross of the T is 75 ft long east to west and 25 ft deep, its stem is located to the south, centered along the east-west axis and is 26 ft deep by 25 ft wide. The octagonal observation tower rises 25 ft into the air at the intersection of the T where it becomes a dome and continues to a height of 35 ft. At floor level of the second equatorial room a balustrade circles around the exterior of the tower. The tower is capped by a great circular limestone plate, which carries the dome track. Internally, the diameter of the dome is 24.5 ft and its zenith 24 ft above the floor. The dome slit, which still operates, has an opening of 44 in and can be opened or closed by hand in seconds. The dome tower and equatorial room are original save a motor drive which replaced the old rope and sheave method of rotating the dome. As of September 2014, the motor drive is being serviced and the rope and sheave method is once again in use.</p><br>
<p>In the center of the equatorial room is the 1896 12 in refractor telescope. Built by the firm of Warner and Swasey, Cleveland, Ohio, the scope is stabilized on a brick pier which extends down into the bedrock and is not attached to the building in any way. The telescope cost $4,500 and still has the original observer&#39;s chair mentioned in the contract with Bevis and Company at a cost of $25. The entrance hall, below the equatorial room, octagonal in shape, is centered on a brick pier. The entrance hall retains original stairs, newel posts, balustrades, and wood floors; it is still used for its original purpose, storage.</p><br>
<p>The east and west wings of the building once each contained a transit room. Each of the rooms had a mounted transit telescope on a brick pier; the piers are still visible in the basement below the transit rooms. The western transit rooms were converted into office space by the 1920s. The eastern transit rooms were converted to office space more recently.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the observatory building has a brick cornice, with stone sills and lintels, stone water course, ornamental gutters, and original copper downspouts. Most of the building&#39;s windows are of the wooden double-hung variety and original, as are the front entrance door transom and concrete stoop. The original front balustrade has been replaced, however, the western stoop and ornamental iron balustrade is still original.</p><br>
<p>Aside from the transit room conversion to office space the building has seen other major work in the past. The southwest corner of the building was built in 1956, of cream colored brick, to house additional classrooms and office space. The addition of 1956 took special care to replicate nearly every aspect of the original building except for color. Another major addition occurred in 1966 with the construction of the large east wing. Of the same cream colored brick as the 1956 addition, it also tried to mimic the building&#39;s finer details. The 1966 east wing addition provided for, again, more office space, but this project also included space for a new darkroom and a radio telescope laboratory. The observatory basement and the dome housing the refractor are still in use by the astronomy department at U of I and the University of Illinois Astronomical Society, a student organization on campus.</p><br>
<h2>Historic significance</h2><br>
<p>The observatory holds significance in astronomy because of its association with the development of selenium and photoelectric cell. The cell revolutionized the science of astronomical photoelectric photometry by the use of electricity to measure the brightness of stars by providing a more precise and accurate measurement compared to the visual and photographic methods common at that time. This branch of astronomy measures stellar magnitude. The research regarding photometry was conducted on a 12 in Warner and Swasey refractor telescope in the second-story equatorial room. As a result of Dr. Stebbins&#39; work determining stellar magnitude using photoelectric photometry, it became standard technique. Due to this astronomical importance the observatory was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 6, 1986 and on December 20, 1989 the USA Department of Interior designated the U of I Observatory a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Kirby&#39;s Mill is a historic grist mill in Medford, Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Originally known as Haines Mill, it was built in 1778 by Isaac Haines and partners along the Southwest Branch of Rancocas Creek. It was the last commercial operating mill in New Jersey.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th and 19th centuries</h3><br>
<p>A sawmill was built along the creek, and an adjacent brick house, called the Miller&#39;s House, was built about 1785. The grist mill was enlarged to three stories about 1830. A blacksmith shop and barn were also built during this period.</p><br>
<p>William S. Kirby purchased the mill complex in 1877 and added a fourth floor to the grist mill. The original water wheel was replaced with water turbines, which provided more power and were submerged, permitting year-round operation.</p><br>
<p>The mill produced wheat, buckwheat and rye flour, cornmeal and chicken feed. The sawmill produced lumber for the mid-Atlantic region into the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Flour production stopped in the 1920s. The gristmill was converted to electrical operation in 1961. Livestock feed was produced until 1969.</p><br>
<p>Kirby&#39;s Mill was relatively unaffected by a disastrous storm that struck upstream from the site in Medford, Medford Lakes, and Shamong Township on July 14, 2004. While the mill, grounds, roadway and surrounding property were inundated under up to 12+ feet of water, the structure remained intact, with little to no noticeable and appreciable damage. Medford Township, Burlington County, New Jersey State, and Federal Engineers, and Historic/Preservation Architects performed detailed surveys, and inspections to certify the building as safe, and only receiving "minor, cosmetic, or relatively inconspicuous" damage.</p><br>
<p>Each year, the Medford Historical Society hosts its annual Quilt Show, as well as the annual Apple Festival. Highlighting local artisans, crafts-workers, period scenes, and historical memorabilia. Attendance has been growing over the years, with 2012 being approximately 20,000 attendees. Kirby&#39;s Mill Apple Festival is one of the most popular festivals in the tri-county area.</p><br>
<h2>Renovations</h2><br>
<p>Recently, historic renovations to the Millers House have been started. These have been started to return the structure to its original, more historically correct design and appearance. Removal of 1930 as well as 1950 additions, the return to timber structural members, glazing, and decorative fixtures, as well as historic renovation of the interior are expected to be completed by 2009. Additionally, construction of a period style carriage house has been started on the Mill&#39;s grounds.</p><br>
<p>Kirby&#39;s Mill is currently owned by the Medford Historical Society. The mill has been entered in the National Register of Historic Places in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The society is working to restore the mill, which is part of a museum complex that includes a country store, milliner&#39;s shop, print shop, carpenter shop, working blacksmith shop and sawmill. The museum is open during special events and on Sunday afternoons in the summer.</p><br>
<p>La Dôle is a mountain of the Jura, overlooking Lake Geneva in the westernmost part of the canton of Vaud. Rising to an altitude of 1677 meters, it is the second highest peak in the Swiss portion of the Jura, after Mont Tendre. Administratively, the summit is split between the municipalities of Gingins, Chéserex and La Rippe. The mountain is also close to and easily accessible from Saint-Cergue and the Col de la Givrine to the north, both above 1000 meters and connected to Nyon on Lake Geneva by road and by the Nyon–St-Cergue–Morez Railway. A paved road also climbs to the Chalet de la Dôle below the summit  from Gingins.</p><br>
<p>La Dôle overlooks to south-east the summit of La Barillette, the town of Nyon, Lake Geneva and across the lake the Alps, including the Bernese Alps the Chablais Alps and the Mont Blanc massif. To the south are views of the City of Geneva and the Canton of Geneva; to the north the village of Les Rousses. The Dôle massif has a second peak to the northeast, the Pointe de Poêle Chaud, accessible via the col between them which drops to 1557 m.</p><br>
<p>La Dôle massif is the northwesternmost part of the Swiss Plateau. To the southwest it ends at the Col de la Faucille, and to the northwest at the Valserine valley, a Rhône tributary. To the north it ends at the Col de la Givrine, and towards the southeast merges into the Swiss Plateau.</p><br>
<p>The northwestern side of La Dôle is equipped with ski-lifts and is traversed by alpine ski paths. There is a restricted-access cable car which provides service to the various electronic facilities on the top, including a ball containing aviation radar, a Swiss weather station, television, radio and EBU telecommunications.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>The Ellwood House was built as a private home by barbed wire entrepreneur Isaac Ellwood in 1879. It is located on First Street in DeKalb, Illinois, United States, in DeKalb County. The Victorian style home, designed by George O. Garnsey, underwent remodeling in 1898-1899 and 1911. The house was originally part of 1,000 acres  which included a large stable complex known as "Ellwood Green." Isaac Ellwood lived here until 1910 when he passed the estate to his son, Perry Ellwood.</p><br>
<p>After Perry Ellwood inherited the home he remodeled the interior and exterior, drastically altering the homes appearance. Thus, the Ellwood House incorporates elements from several architectural styles. The site contains four buildings in addition to the main house. A 50-foot (15 m) tall water tower dominates the west side of the property while a 14-foot (4.3-m) tall miniature Stick style house is located nearer the main house. There is also a carriage house, which houses a visitors center and a museum house that was once used to hold Harriet Ellwoods (Isaacs wife) collection of "curiosities." In 1964 the home was donated to the city of DeKalb and converted into a museum. The house was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the original mansion began in April 1879, George O. Garnsey, a Chicago architect, designed the Ellwood Mansion for DeKalb barbed wire entrepreneur Isaac Ellwood. At the time, Garnsey had designed other structures in DeKalb and Sycamore. By November 1879 the Ellwood family occupied the home. Newspaper accounts of the day put the cost somewhere between US$40,000 and $50,000. The original Ellwood House had a number of elements common to Victorian designed homes and combined several styles. Its mansard roof remains one of the home&#39;s most striking features. In addition, the home still incorporates Gothic columns, pitched gables, and a cast iron roof cresting with a trefoil design.</p><br>
<p>While Isaac Ellwood lived in the home large dinner parties, popular during the 19th century, were commonplace. The Ellwood House hosted prominent visitors throughout Isaac Ellwood&#39;s residence there. Theodore Roosevelt dined in the Ellwood House dining room while he was a candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1900. The dining room has also hosted USA Senators and USA state governors among other notable guests. Dinner parties at the Ellwood House followed customs typical to 19th century dinner partie. Guests "dressed" for the party, followed proper etiquette and were expected to know how to use the silverware properly.</p><br>
<p>The first remodeling work on the Ellwood Mansion took place as the 19th century drew to a close. The changes, commissioned by Isaac Ellwood, were meant to reflect more popular architectural styles including the Georgian and Colonial Revival. Many of the buildings original Gothic features were replaced with more Classical elements. On the homes exterior, some of these changes can be observed in the addition of the portico and porte-cochere. Inside the home, the dining room was enlarged with the addition of the semicircular bay on the mansion&#39;s north facade.</p><br>
<p>Perry Ellwood inherited the house in 1910, and, together with his wife, May Ellwood (née Gurler), altered the mansion once again. The biggest changes were the addition of the terrace on the home&#39;s south face, a sunroom wing, and the relocation of the porte-cochere to the north side of the portico. This is the mansion that is visible today.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, and after Perry Ellwood died in 1943, May Ellwood again altered the home; to save on fuel oil, she had the upper floors of the house closed off. In 1964 the home was donated to the city of DeKalb and converted into a museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The three-story brick house includes a full elevated basement and a mansard roof with steeply pitched gabled dormers. Projecting from the roofline are plain corbeled chimneys and iron gillwork, the original roofing material was slate. The 1879 version of the Ellwood House featured dormer ornamentation with finial work. The original windows were all double-hung and of modest size, occurring both singly and in pairs while showing a variety of lintel designs. The original front (east) facade appeared much different than it does at present. The front entryway has been completely altered, due to Perry Ellwood&#39;s 1911 remodeling. The original entryway featured a one-story stone porch supported with two pilasters and two granite columns. The square projecting porch bay was connected to the ground via 12 stone stairs. In the southeast corner of the house was a full three-story projecting tower set at a 45° angle to the rest of the front facade.</p><br>
<p>Isaac Ellwood&#39;s 1898-1899 renovations were superficial, especially when compared to the alterations his son made to the original design a decade later. He had the bracketed cornice replaced with a Classical cornice with dentils and a projecting molding. The window lintels were altered in a style similar to the new cornice. On the tower, the two windows on the first floor were replaced with one larger window while the projecting bay over the east portico was removed and made flush with the rest of the house. The windows over that portico were replaced with a heavy double door that opened onto the roof over the veranda, which had been built over the entire front of the house. It was during this time that the first porte-cochere was built on the south side of the home.</p><br>
<p>Perry Ellwood undertook major renovations which added and changed rooms in 1910. On the homes exterior the porte cochere was moved from the south facade to its present position on the north facade. On the south side of the home a large brick terrace was added and the conservatory moved from the southwest side of the house to the rear (west). The full-length tower on the homes southwest corner was entirely removed during this renovation.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The general layout of the homes interior has remained basically the same throughout the remodelings; the rooms on each floor are accessed via a large central hallway which ends in an elegant rotunda. However, some of the changes made in 1910 and 1911 did alter the interior appearance. The parlor was converted into the library and the library was converted into the dining room after an extension was added on. In the homes northwest corner a large kitchen was added, on the second-floor, the room above the kitchen became servant&#39;s quarters.</p><br>
<p>Upon entering the Ellwood House, guests of Isaac or Perry Ellwood would have been greeted or formally welcomed by members of the family. After Perry Ellwood inherited the house in 1910 the entry parlor began to become known as the library. Prominent among the librarys features is a carved Italian marble mantle with a large gilt mirror hung above it. The librarys bookshelves are cast in a Neo-Italian Renaissance style and constructed of fine mahogany. Presently filling the shelves in the Ellwood House are a large collection of books with Ellwood family nameplates. Near the library window, which is adorned with its original walnut shutters, is an 1890s French statue. The statue was donated to the Ellwood House Association from someone in Sycamore who bequeathed it to the museum.</p><br>
<p>The dining rooms underwent an extensive remodel in 1898 because of Ellwoods rise to national prominence through his barbed wire partnership with Joseph Glidden. The room was enlarged through the addition of a semi-circular bay. Beyond the addition, the room was refurnished and redecorated to reflect the Georgian Revival alterations that were occurring on the homes exterior. Elements of Georgian Revival architecture that were incorporated into the Ellwood dining room remodel include, mahogany paneling with dentil molding around the windows and doors, a cornice with Classical details, and brackets. Almost all of the dining rooms 1898 furniture and woodwork was custom made by Tobey & Company of Chicago and each piece is affixed with a dated brass plate. The main dining room table and chairs were cast in an early Georgian style and the table has twelve extra leaves which can extend it the length of the room. The dining room&#39;s smaller table, situated within the bay addition, was used for Ellwood family breakfasts.</p><br>
<p>The Ellwood House living room did not exist until Perry Ellwood&#39;s 1911 remodeling. The living room features a "pargework" ceiling constructed of molded plaster and designed with a geometric theme. The large, Caen stone fireplace was carved in Chicago in 1911. The sunroom was designed in the late 19th century and early 20th century Arts and Crafts style causing it to stand in stark contrast to the living room. The room was originally furnished with Mission style furniture to complement the oak woodwork.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Shortly before her death in 1964 May Ellwood donated the house to the DeKalb Park District for use as a historic house museum. The house is now a museum, operated jointly by the Ellwood House Association and the DeKalb Park District and they offer guided tours for a fee. The museum offers tours seasonally beginning in late spring and ending after the annual holiday celebration in December. The Ellwood House Museum has a visitor&#39;s center, which includes a barbed wire gallery, carriage gallery, special exhibits gallery, and a gift shop. The museum offers tourists a chance to glimpse what life was like for the Ellwoods. As part of the DeKalb Park District, the grounds are open to the public, and available for rental for use on public and private events. The DeKalb Area Garden Club hosts an annual Flower Show, community members hold weddings in the garden or visitors center, and the Ellwood House Association holds an annual Art Show, Ice Cream Social, and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Outbuildings</h2><br>
<h3>Water tower</h3><br>
<p>The Ellwood House grounds hold several extant outbuildings as well: the museum house, the carriage house, the water tower, and the Little House.</p><br>
<p>On the west (rear) of the Ellwood House, the circular limestone water tower is about 50 feet (15.2 m) tall and has a diameter of 18 feet (5.5 m). The tower has windows occurring at different levels, which are arched and include keystones in their design. The water tower was built in 1879, the same year as Ellwood House, and at that time the structure was topped with a wooden water tank with a conical roof. Between 1897 and 1910 the wooden tank was removed and replaced with an additional 30 courses of stone which matched the original structure. The arched door at the base of the water tower was replaced with a larger square-shaped double door. The roof remained conical and of wood construction until about 1950 when it was replaced with sheet metal.</p><br>
<p>The water tower is the only surviving structure from what was once a large horse stable facility owned by Isaac Ellwood. The complex, known as "Ellwood Green," was affiliated with the family&#39;s Percheron horse business. Two major structures within the complex, were the 1879 brick stable buildings, both of which featured mansard roofs. Those buildings, along with all other original stable buildings (save the water tower and including the home stable) were demolished through the years.</p><br>
<h3>Carriage house</h3><br>
<p>Another of the property&#39;s buildings, commonly called the carriage house, never lived up to its popular name. The building never housed any carriages; it was, in fact, built to house automobiles. The southern section of the carriage house was constructed sometime between 1908 and 1912 and features a mansard roof. The building is sheathed in stucco and presently houses a collection of antique carriages and sleighs as well as a barbed wire history museum.</p><br>
<p>The carriage house, today the Ellwood House Museum&#39;s Education and Visitors Center, was built by Perry Ellwood as a multi-car garage. It had a grease pit for automobile repair work. On the second floor was an apartment for the Ellwood family chauffeur. The building originally had garage doors on both sides so cars could drive in one side and out the other side of the structure. The original doors are on display inside the Ellwood House Visitors Center.</p><br>
<h3>Museum House</h3><br>
<p>The one-story red brick Museum House, another of the sites outbuildings, stands to the south of the main house and was built in 1905 for Isaac Ellwoods wife Harriett. The Ellwoods grandchildren and other family members referred to the museum house as the "Curiosity Shop." She used the building to store the many curiosities and items she collected while traveling throughout the world. Some of these items included Native American artifacts, minerals, seashells, and other specimens. The museum house measures almost exactly 25 feet (7.6 m) on all four sides and has two doorways, one on the east and one on the north side. On its interior some of the museum houses original oak display cases are still intact.</p><br>
<p>The Museum House is cast in Classical Revival style and was the last outbuilding constructed for Isaac Ellwood on the property. Today the Museum House&#39;s exterior appears much the same as it did when it was newly constructed but for many years the structure was badly deteriorated. Prior to the addition of the Visitors Center to the Carriage House, the Museum House served as the visitors center and housed staff offices.</p><br>
<h3>Little House</h3><br>
<p>On the west (rear) side of the home, near the carriage house, is a miniature Stick style house known as Little House. Little House is 13 feet (4 m) by 15 feet (4.6 m) and stands 14 feet (4.3 m) above its concrete foundation. The house was used by Wills two daughters and later by Perry Ellwoods children.</p><br>
<p>Between that time and 1973 the house had four or five other owners and it was moved several times. Eventually, the Little House wound up at the property of Mr. and Mrs. Burt Oderkirk, on Annie Glidden Road, where it again served as a playhouse for the couple&#39;s children. At this point it was painted white, with green shutters. In 1973 Mrs. Oderkirk donated Little House to Ellwood House Association and it was returned to its place on the Ellwood property. In 1986 the Little House was restored to a Victorian.paint scheme.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is most significant for its connection to Isaac Ellwood, who has been given credit, in part, for Joseph Gliddens invention of barbed wire. Gliddens patent was earlier, thus Ellwood&#39;s connection with the actual invention is vague. He did, however, play a chief role in organizing the barbed wire industry into a viable and profitable business.</p><br>
<p>The Beardstown Grand Opera House is an opera house on South State Street in Beardstown, Cass County, Illinois. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 2000, and is in the process of restoration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Beardstown Opera House was originally built in 1872. Nearing completion the opera house was almost completely destroyed by a tornado. After the Opera House was rebuilt by the owners and volunteer townsfolk, the first troupe to play the theater was General Tom Thumb of P.T. Barnum fame.</p><br>
<p>Though the years there have been many owners of this historic building. Between 1872 and 1893, a partnership of Henry Krohe and George Schneider owned the building. From 1872 to 1893 a partnership between Henry Krohe and Georgee Schneider controlled the building; facts about Krohe are known, but Schneider is lost to history. A team of five owners took over the opera house for the years 1893 to 1899: they were T.K. Condit, J.P. Harris, Merton Harris, William Deppe and August Deppe. For the five-year period from 1899 to 1904 a set of three owners, three of the previous owners dropped out and a replacement owner came in, controlled the Grand Opera House, Condit, Harris and J.F. Duvall. In 1904 the Deppe family took over control for the next 50 years until, in 1954, the Huss family took over until 1968.</p><br>
<p>In more recent history it was owned by the Irene Schroll family. In March 2004, the opera house was purchased by the Heritage Preservation Foundation, a non-profit organization created for the purpose of owning the Opera House. Four years before, it had been added to the National Register of Historic Places; it is one of two such locations in Cass County.</p><br>
<p>Ratu Boko  or Ratu Boko Palace is an archaeological site in Java. Ratu Boko is located on a plateau, about three kilometres south of Lara Jonggrang Prambanan temple complex in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The original name of this site is still unclear, however the local inhabitants named this site after King Boko, the legendary king mentioned in Loro Jonggrang folklore. In Javanese, Ratu Baka means "Stork King".</p><br>
<p>The site covers 16 hectares in two hamlets (Dawung and Sambireja) of the village of Bokoharjo and Prambanan, Sleman Regency. In striking contrast to other Classic-period sites in Central Java and Yogyakarta, which are remains of temples, Ratu Boko displays attributes of an occupation or settlement site, although its precise function is unknown. Probably the site was a palace complex which belonged to the kings of Sailendra or Mataram Kingdom that also built temples scattered across the Prambanan Plain. The argument was based on the fact that this complex was not a temple nor building with religious nature, but a fortified palace instead which evidence of a remnant of fortified walls and the dry moat of defensive structures. The remains of settlements also founds in Ratu Boko vicinity. This site is located 196 m above the sea level, on the highest point in the site, there is a small pavilion from which one will be able to see a panoramic view of Prambanan temple with Mount Merapi as the background.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to writer HJ. DeGraff, in the 17th century there were many European travelers to Java, who mentioned that there existed an archeological site which related to certain King Boko. In 1790, a Dutch researcher, Van Boeckholtz was the first to discover the archaeological ruins on top of Ratu Boko Hill. The hill itself is the northwestern branch of a larger Sewu mountain system, located on southern part of Central and East Java spanned between Yogyakarta to Tulungagung. The publication of the discovery attracted scientists such as Mackenzie, Junghun and Brumun to conduct research and exploration on the site in the year 1814. In the early 20th century, the Ratu Boko site was thoroughly studied by researcher FDK Bosch, who published his findings in a report entitled "Keraton Van Ratoe Boko". From this report concluded that the ruins was the remnant of a keraton (palace). During these researches, Mackenzie also found a statue of gold-headed man and woman embracing each other. A stone pillar with ornaments of zoomorphic figures among which are elephants, horses, and others, also found among the ruins.</p><br>
<p>Abhayagiri Vihara inscription dated 792 CE is one of the few written evidence discovered in Ratu Boko site. The inscription mentioned Tejahpurnapane Panamkarana or Rakai Panangkaran (746-784 M), and also mentioned a vihara located on top of the hill called Abhyagiri Wihara which means "a vihara on top of the hill that free from danger". From this inscription it was concluded, that King Panangkaran in a later period of his reign wished for a spiritual refuge and created a reclusion of Buddhist hermitage named Abhayagiri Wihara in 792. Rakai Panangkaran was a pious follower of Mahayana Buddhist, a Dhyani Buddha statue was discovered on the site, which confirmed its initial Buddhist nature. Nevertheless, some Hindu elements are also found at the site, such as the discovery of statues of Hindu deities: Durga, Ganesha and Yoni.</p><br>
<p>It seems that the compound was later converted to a hilltop fortress by a local landlord named Rakai Walaing Pu Kumbayoni. According to the Shivagrha inscription, the place was used as a defensive fort, consisting of hundreds of stacked stones. The hilltop fortress was used as a fort during a power struggle in later days of Mataram Kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The Ratu Boko complex consists of gopura (gates), paseban, pools, pendopo, pringgitan, kaputren (women&#39;s quarter), and meditation caves.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological remains</h2><br>
<p>Ratu Boko stands 196 meters above sea level and covers an area of 250.000 square meters. It is divided into four parts, the central, the west, the southeast and the east. The central section of the compound consists of the main gates, a crematorium temple, a pool, a stone pedestal and the paseban (or audience hall). The southeast part covers the pendopo (attached open pavilion), balai-balai (public hall or building), three miniature temples, a pool and a walled compound popularly named by locals as kaputren (women&#39;s quarter).</p><br>
<p>At Ratu Boko, traces of probable secular structures have been found, which were erected on a plateau divided into terraces, separated from each other by stone walls and stone-faced ramparts (talud). The site was reached by a steep path up the northwest slope of the plateau, in the direction of Prambanan. The structural remains in the terrace at Ratu Boko site consist of places with folk names connected with palaces such as paseban (reception pavilion), pendopo (audience hall) and kaputren (women&#39;s quarter). A pool complex lies on a terrace adjoining the east side of the pendopo. A group of artificial caves, probably for meditation, lies to the north, isolated from the rest of the site. These archaeological sites are:</p><br>
<h3>Main gate</h3><br>
<p>The first of three terraces is reached through a massive gateway built on two levels. On the western edge of this terrace is a high talud of soft white limestone. The second terrace, separated from the first by andesite wall, is reached through a gateway in paduraksa form consisting of three doors, a larger central one flanked by two of lesser dimensions. The third terrace, the largest, contains the richest concentrations of archaeological remains. Another talud and andesite wall separate the third terrace from the second terrace, with another connecting gateway of paduraksa form, this time consisting of five doors, again the central one having larger dimensions than the two which flank it.</p><br>
<p>It is read on the main gate Panabwara that was written by Rakai Panabwara, descendant of Rakai Panangkaran. He carved his name there in order to legitimate his authority of this palace.</p><br>
<h3>Candi Batu Putih</h3><br>
<p>Literally, Batu Putih means white stone. It is a structure made from white limestone on the north side of the first row of the gate on second terrace.</p><br>
<h3>Candi Pembakaran</h3><br>
<p>Beyond the second row of gates on third terrace, on the north side of the plateau there&#39;s a structure similar to the base part of the temple with two terraces about 26x26 m in size. On the center of upper terrace is an empty descending square hole. The building probably functions as crematorium to burn the corpses.</p><br>
<h3>Paseban</h3><br>
<p>On the plateau on the third terrace, beside the Candi Pembakaran, there are also several square stone structures. On the structures there are some umpak or stones which serve as the base for wooden columns with holes to support the pillars. These structures are highly suggested as the base of the building, since the pillars, wall, and roof are made from organic material, only the stone floor and base still remain.</p><br>
<h3>Pendopo</h3><br>
<p>On the second terrace on the southeast side of the plateau, lies the pendopo (audience hall). The pendopo is a square stone enclosure surrounded with andesite stone wall with the small paduraksa entrance gates in the north, west, and south sides. In the center of this walled enclosure there&#39;s a stone base formed by two separated terraces, the terrace on the southern side is smaller than the northern one. This terrace served as the base and floor of the wooden structure since there are some umpak or stones which serve as the base for wooden columns with holes, to support the pillars. Since the pillars, walls, and the roof were made from easily decaying material, such as wood, sirap (wooden shingles roof) or ijuk, none of it survived. Only the stone bases still remain, while the organic wooden material of the building is gone.</p><br>
<h3>Miniature temples</h3><br>
<p>On the south side on the pendopo, there are three miniature temples with a square stone basin in front of it. This small temple probably served a religious purpose, as some kind of Hindu or Buddhist shrine in the Ratu Boko complex.</p><br>
<h3>Kaputren and bathing place</h3><br>
<p>On the eastern side of pendopo on the lower terrace, there are several andesite stone walled enclosures with paduraksa gates and a gallery leading to the several pools within. This structure is associated by local folks as kaputren (women&#39;s quarter), since the pool is believed to be the pleasure garden for king and his concubines.</p><br>
<p>One particular pool (or well) within the bath place is considered sacred by Hindu people called Amerta Mantana. It is believed that the water of Amerta brings luck for anyone who uses it. Hindu people use it in Tawur Agung ceremony, one day before the Nyepi day, to support the achievement of self purify and to return the earth into her initial harmony.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the pool there are two stone base structures, yet again probably the remains of a wooden building, of which only the stone base still remains. From this structure, overlooking a valley on the east side of Ratu Boko compounds, visitors can see Candi Barong, a Hindu temple complex across the valley on the slope of the hill in the east.</p><br>
<h3>Ascetic Cave</h3><br>
<p>At the northern part from pendopo, isolated from the rest of the site, lies two caves that were formed of sediment stones. The upper cave is called Gua Lanang (Male Cave) and the lower cave is called Gua Wadon (Female Cave). In front of Gua Lanang, there is a pond and three effigies. Based on the research, the effigy is known as Aksobya, one of Buddha Pantheons. The cave probably functioned as a meditation place.</p><br>
<h2>Buddhism and Hinduism</h2><br>
<p>Ratu Boko site has yielded many smaller artefact including statues, both Hindu (Durga, Ganesha, Garuda, a Linga and a Yoni) and Buddhist (three unfinished Dhyani Buddhas).</p><br>
<p>Other finds include ceramics and inscriptions; a golden plate with the writing "Om Rudra ya namah swaha" on it as form of worship to Rudra as the other name of Shiva. This proved that the Hindus and Buddhist live together with tolerance or in a syncretism.</p><br>
<h2>Functions</h2><br>
<p>Despite the large quantity and variety of remains found there, the exact functions of Ratu Boko site is still unknown. Some believe it was the former palace of ancient Mataram Kingdom; other scholars interpret this site as monastery. While third group holds that it was a place for rest and recreation.</p><br>
<p>Inscriptions shows that the site was occupied at least during the 8th and 9th centuries. Five inscriptions in pre-Nagari script and Sanskrit describe the construction of a shrine for Avalokitesvara. One inscriptions refers to the constructions of a Buddhist monastery modelled after Abhayagiri Vihara (means a monastery on a peaceful hill) in Sri Lanka, where a group of ascetic forest dwelling monks resided.</p><br>
<p>Three dated inscriptions in Old Javanese and poetic Sanskrit recount the erection of two lingga, and bear the date of 778 Saka or 856 AD. Another undated inscription mentions the erection of lingga named Hara at the order of King Kalasobhawa.</p><br>
<h2>The legend of King Boko</h2><br>
<p>King Boko is a legendary character known from popular folklore of Loro Jonggrang. This folklore connects the Ratu Boko Palace, the Durga statue in Prambanan temple (which is identified by local folklore as Loro Jonggrang), and the origin of the Sewu temple complex nearby.</p><br>
<p>Prince Bandung Bondowoso loved Princess Loro Jonggrang, the daughter of King Boko, but she rejected his proposal of marriage because Bandung Bondowoso had killed King Boko and ruled her kingdom. Bandung Bondowoso insisted on the union, and finally Loro Jonggrang was forced to agree for a union in marriage, but she posed one condition: Bandung must build her a thousand temples in one night. He entered into meditation and conjured up a multitude of spirits (genies or demons) from the earth. They succeeded in building 999 temples. Loro Jonggrang then woke her palace maids and ordered them to begin pounding rice. This awoke the roosters, which began to crow. The genies, hearing the sound of morning, believed the sun was about to rise and so disappeared back into the ground. Thus the prince was fooled, in revenge he cursed the princess and turned her into a stone statue. According to the traditions, she is the image of Durga in the north cell of the Shiva temple at Prambanan, which is still known as Loro Jonggrang ("Slender Maiden").</p><br>
<p>The Fife Opera House is a theater in Palestine, Illinois, in Crawford County. It is on the National Register of Historic Places and has been since January 26, 1990.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction at the David Fife Opera House started in 1898 and finished in 1901. In the building David Fife operated a hardware store on the ground floor. Upon completion the opera house seated several hundred in a building that measured 55 X 70 ft. The raked floor was filled with upholstered, red leather theater seats. Audiences were cooled by electric fans in summer and heat provided by a coal furnace kept them warm in cooler weather. The two original ceiling fixtures included a mirrored collar which reflected the glow of the high wattage light bulbs. At the west end of the building is the stage with a 25 ft long opening and 15 ft high, the stage is encircled by 25 lights.</p><br>
<p>A handpainted rolled canvas fire curtain was hand painted by artists from Sosman and Landes, a Chicago company. The curtain art shows a Venetian canal scene. Side and top panels along the stage depict draperies surrounding a tree-lined river. Recently, other painted scenes showing gardens, waterfalls and a turn of the century scene have been discovered in the building. Fifes mother demanded that one of the buildings five interior art panels, the one that featured cherubs, be painted over to cover their nakedness.</p><br>
<p>It is said the lights all over Palestine dimmed when Fife threw the switches to the lights at the opera house on opening night.</p><br>
<p>Stacy&#39;s Tavern is a historic wayside stagecoach inn in the village of Glen Ellyn in DuPage County, Illinois. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 29, 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Among the settlers coming to northern Illinois following the Black Hawk War in 1832 were Moses Stacy and his family. Stacy often opened his home as a boarding house for passing travelers, so when he constructed his new home in 1846 he opened it as a wayside inn. Stagecoach travelers moving between Chicago and Galena, area farmers heading to market in Chicago, and settlers moving westward farther still all made use of Stacy&#39;s Tavern.</p><br>
<p>For 50 cents guests could overnight, including two meals and enough hay for two horses. At the inn they could wash with water from the indoor tavern well or warm themselves near the cast-iron stove. Stacys was limited by law to allowing only five travelers per bed. The home was built in a modified Greek revival style and the boards were milled at a nearby sawmill, Garys Mill and the bricks were handmade.</p><br>
<p>It was the railroad that hailed the death knell of Stacy Tavern as a wayside inn. Even after the arrival of the railroad, Stacy and his wife continued to use the house as their residence until Moses died in 1870 and his wife in 1899. They are buried in nearby Forest Hill Cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Village of Glen Ellyn purchased the property in 1968, and along with the Glen Ellyn Historical Society restored it to the state of a typical tavern inn of the late 1840s. Restorers studied old photos, removed numerous paint layers, and analyzed architectural elements to detail the original construction of the tavern. Artifacts furnishing the tavern were collected by the Society from across the United States, and the chairs in the Tap Room were made by an Illinois carpenter in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was honored by Illinois as the only tavern from its period still standing on its original foundation at its original location. In 1976 Glen Ellyn opened Stacys Tavern to the public as a museum as part of the towns contribution to the American bicentennial.</p><br>
<p>Cochamó Valley is a U-shaped valley located in the Andes, in Los Lagos Region of Chile, south of Vicente Pérez Rosales National Park and east of the Reloncaví Estuary. The valley has a striking similarity to Yosemite Valley, due to its granite domes and old-growth forests. Like Yosemite, rock climbers from around the world come to climb the valley&#39;s several 1,000 m granite walls. However, it is also an unexplored paradise for serious and hikers - with trails ranging from easy to challenging, a myriad of rare bird and plant life, and a stunning landscape.</p><br>
<p>The valley takes its name from the river of Cochamó, about 5 km from the village of Cochamó. A six-km gravel road and hiking trail leads into this east-west running valley. The trail carries on up through Argentina traverses some of the most unspoiled areas of northern Patagonia, and rewards travelers with views of granite walls, plunging waterfalls, soaring condors, towering Alerce trees, and the magical deep-blue Vidal Gormaz Lake, known for trout fishing. The trail is more than 100 years old, and was used to transport Argentinean beef cattle from across the border to be shipped from Cochamó to the hungry nitrate miners in far northern Chile. In turn, dried and smoked fish and shellfish made the return journey into the mountains and across Paso El León into Argentina. The trail&#39;s most famous users were Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, who, while hiding out for a couple of years at their ranch in Argentina, actually drove their own cattle down to sell in Cochamó.</p><br>
<p>The valley is home to dense, virgin temperate rainforest - one of only three such remaining forests in the world. It is not unusual to find trees close to 1,000 years old, and climbers, vines, and undergrowth that have not known human footsteps. Wild boar (an invasive species), pudú, and the occasional puma inhabit the upper slopes - but are rarely seen and rarely a threat to man. Almost the entire valley is privately owned—mostly in the hand of local residents, having been passed down for 3 or more generations, since the first homesteaders staked their claims in the first quarter of the 20th century. The land is used primarily for free-ranging cattle, with the majority of owners living in Cochamó, and making occasional trips to check on their animals and bring them down for sale when needed. There is minimal raising of crops.</p><br>
<p>The main activity in the valley today - aside from cattle rearing and local logging for firewood - is tourism. International tourism was pioneered by German adventurer and maverick, Clark Stede, who brought the trail to the attention of mainly European visitors, and established two lodges - one at the mouth of the River Cochamó, and an "outback" lodge in the upper La Junta Valley (the Yosemite of Chile). These evolved into Campo Aventura. This was in the early 1990s, and since then, the valley has slowly gained more and more recognition, attracting two types of travelers: rock climbers focused on pushing their limits in scaling the granite walls and towers; and visitors who are keen to explore this natural magnificence on horseback or via hiking, and travel with established operators or with local residents.</p><br>
<p>The valley, as with other river catchments in Chile, is often under threat from large-scale, external economic interests. A few years ago, residents banded together to successfully prevent large-scale logging exploitation, including the building of a road accessible by vehicles through the entire valley. (But not before the first 7 km of gravel track was laid down - which, today, is of benefit to local residents). More recently, the valley has come under threat from hydro-electric companies - that, in 2009, floated plans to create a system of large-scale pipes and tubes, and pylons, to produce vast amounts of electricity. Again, locals have banded together to combat this effort, and preserve the valley. In late 2009, the Cochamó River was designated as a river protected for tourism, but this government designation is likely to be challenged in court or parliament by the business community.</p><br>
<p>Kitchell Park is a park which is listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. The park is in the city of Pana, Illinois, located in Christian County. A 40 acre facility, Kitchell is one of the city&#39;s main parks. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kitchell Park was given to the city of Pana by John W. Kitchell and his wife Mary Little Kitchell in 1908. It is home to several unique and old features. The round Chautauqua Pavilion was built in 1911 and has attracted such speakers as William Jennings Bryan, World War I hero Sergeant York and Billy Sunday among others. The Schuyler Bridge was constructed entirely of concrete in 1910. The parks ornate main gate acted as the entrance booth for the Tri-County Fair which was held on park grounds from 1885 until it moved to its present fairgrounds in 1949. Part of the parks original horse track is still one of the main roads through the park. The story is that Frank James of the Missouri Gang was starter and timekeeper at the track in his later years, after he was pardoned by authorities.</p><br>
<p>Today the park is home to tennis courts, a disc golf course, softball and baseball diamonds, a swimming pool, playgrounds and a picnic area. The park&#39;s auditorium is the result of a deluge, 6.5 inches of rain, that fell on the area in 1910. It was felt that if the pavilion were to survive adequate shelter would need to be provided. At the time of its construction the auditorium was called one of the most modern in the nation with its seating capacity of 3,500 and 35 X 45 ft stage. The auditorium was renovated in 1955 through funding from the Pana Lions Club. New paint, a concrete floor and rewiring for the installation of 24 overhead lights were all included in the project.</p><br>
<p>Little Brick House is a restored 1860s middle class home in Vandalia, Illinois, located in Fayette County. The home is the only house in Vandalia to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has been listed as such since 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home is thought to have been constructed in the mid-19th century as an example of Italianate architecture, probably around 1839, before the capitol moved from Vandalia to Springfield. In 1956 Josephine Burtschi purchased the home and began restoring it to its original appearance. Burtschi, a local artist and historian was born in the home. Within the home&#39;s six rooms are furniture, china, engravings and books acquired from descendants of state officers, legislators and the Ferdinand Ernst Colony. The library in the home, called the Berry-Hall Room is a tribute to James William Berry, a talented Illinois artist and Judge James Hall who established Vandalia as "the first literary center west of Cincinnati. Through the years the home has been renovated and furnished with period furnishings and early artifacts of Vandalia. Today the home is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Plantation and Gardens  is a historic house with gardens located on the Ashley River at 3550 Ashley River Road, Charleston County, South Carolina. It is one of the oldest plantations in the South, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Magnolia Plantation is located near Charleston and directly across the Ashley River from North Charleston. The house and gardens are open daily; an admission fee is charged.</p><br>
<p>The plantation dates to 1676, when Thomas and Ann Drayton built a house and small formal garden on the site. (The plantation remains under the control of the Drayton family after 15 generations.) The historic Drayton Hall was built in 1738 by John Drayton, father of judge John Drayton, Jr., on an adjoining property. Magnolia was originally a rice plantation, with extensive earthworks of dams and dikes built in fields along the river for irrigating land for rice cultivation. African slaves from rice-growing regions created the works. As time went on, the slaves developed a creolized Gullah language and culture, retaining many elements from Africa.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Magnolia became known for its gardens after the Reverend John Grimke-Drayton inherited the property in the 1840s and developed them. Through his mother, Grimke was the grandson of Thomas Drayton, who bequeathed the plantation to him on condition that he take the Drayton surname. Through his father, John was a nephew of Sarah Grimke and Angelina Emily Grimke</p><br>
<p>Grimke-Drayton, an Episcopal minister, began to have the gardens reworked in an English style; according to legend, this was done to lure his bride south from her native Philadelphia. He was among the first to use Camellia japonica in an outdoor setting (1820s), and is said to have introduced the first azaleas to America. Under his supervision, the gardens of Magnolia on the Ashley became well known in the antebellum period for their azaleas and live oak trees. They were photographed by Mathew Brady, who would later become famous for his photographs of the American Civil War. Another visitor to Magnolia in this period was John James Audubon, for whom Magnolia&#39;s Audubon Swamp Garden is named.</p><br>
<p>The plantation house was burned during the Civil War, likely by Union troops. In the aftermath of the Civil War and postwar economic disruption, John Drayton opened the gardens to the public to earn money as a tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>In the twentieth century, notable visitors have included George Gershwin, Henry Ford, Eleanor Roosevelt, Orson Welles and Reba McEntire. In the early 20th century, the impressionist painter William Posey Silva painted the garden a number of times, and several of his canvases are on display in the main house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Magnolia Plantation is operated as a house museum and tourist attraction. It has a reconstructed and restored plantation house, based on what was built after the Civil War. The oldest section was built prior to the Revolutionary War near Summerville. It was transported down the Ashley River after the Civil War and added to the house during its rebuilding. The wide verandah and huge columns were added more recently.</p><br>
<p>Of the five cabins on site, four were built in slavery times and one about 1900. They have been restored to differing periods: 1850 and other decades after the war, into the twentieth century, as they housed free as well as enslaved workers. The interpretive program reflects African-American history at the plantation, From Slavery to Freedom. Archeological work is revealing more about the lives of both slaves and free black workers, who were skilled gardeners and craftsmen.</p><br>
<p>Other elements of the plantation emphasize the natural setting: a nature train, a marsh boat tour, and a wildlife area. A petting zoo and the gardens feature a kind of cultivated nature. Many of todays attractions were built starting in 1975 during the gardens renewal.</p><br>
<p>Major garden features include numerous azalea plantings, as well as:</p><br>
<p>Barbados Tropical Garden - indoor tropical garden.</p><br>
<p>Biblical Garden - plants mentioned in the Bible, with Old Testament and New Testament areas</p><br>
<p>Camellia Collection - First Camellia japonica plantings date from the 1820s, with current plantings containing nearly 900 varieties. Nearly 150 were bred in the gardens&#39; nursery.</p><br>
<p>Cattail Wildlife Refuge - approximately 500 acres (2 km²), with tower for bird observation.</p><br>
<p>Cypress Lake - Bald cypress trees, up to 100 years old, along riverbanks and wetlands.</p><br>
<p>Flowerdale (50 acres) - Oldest sections established 1680. Formal plantings of annuals set within triangular beds enclosed by boxwood hedges. Two large camellias date from the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Long Bridge - Built in the 1840s, one of seven bridges on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Maze - replica of England&#39;s famous Hampton Court maze, but planted with some 500 Camellia sasanqua interspersed with Burford holly. Nearly 14 mi of pathways.</p><br>
<p>Nature Center and Zoo - domesticated animals typical to Southern plantations, injured or orphaned native animals, and exotic birds including Malayan jungle fowl, guinea hens, and peacocks.</p><br>
<p>Swamp Garden - emphasizing indigenous plants and rich ecosystem.</p><br>
<p>Macchial Lake or Machyal Lake is a low altitude lake which is situated in Mandi district in India. The lake is considered sacred and is named after Machinder Nath or Matasya Avtar of Lord Vishnu literally The Fish God.</p><br>
<h2>Getting there</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located 8 km southwards from Jogindernagar at Joginder Nagar-Sarkaghat state highway. Further, 2 km southwards is the first Mahseer farm of India at the village of Bhararu. A comparatively larger and wider stream is one kilometre eastwards of the lake near Uhl stage 3 project site that remains crowded with Himalayan Golden Mahseer.</p><br>
<h2>Religious Significance</h2><br>
<p>Machhiyal is sacred to local natives and surrounding villages. In earlier days, people made their wishes to Machinder Nath and on fulfilment of their wishes, they would offer the promised gift to the God. One of such offerings was to ornament the sacred Himalayan Golden Mahseer fish with gold nasal rings and in earlier days such sacred Golden Mahseer fish wearing golden rings could be noticed easily in the Lake. This tradition has almost disappeared nowadays. However, it is still common to feed fish to pay obeisance or as a wish for good luck and to avoid bad luck. People take holy baths in the stream on particular days of Hindu calendar. Fishing is prohibited in the stream following religious significance.</p><br>
<p>A fair marking the commencement of the Indian traditional month Vaishakh is held here every year. It is held during three days in which people from surrounding villages gather and observe the fair with great pomp and show. Along with a number of other sports activities including wrestling or kusti is centre of interest which is held on the final day. Wrestlers from distant cities and districts come to show their talent and to win a handsome prize money.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 2000&#39;s, due to presence of some poisonous substances discharged into the river Ranna Khadd, hundreds of fish died in and around the Machhial Lake. Showing divine respect toward the god, devotees buried all the dead fish in nearby land and criticized the incident with anger and resentment.</p><br>
<p>Big Black River is a river in the U.S. state of Mississippi and a tributary of the Mississippi River. Its origin  is in Webster County near the town of Eupora in the north central part of the state. From there it flows 330 mi in a generally southwest direction until it merges with the Mississippi River 25 mi south of the city of Vicksburg. It is the major contributor to the Big Black River Basin. It forms part of the northern border of Choctaw County, passes through Montgomery County, and forms the eastern border of Holmes County and the northern border of Claiborne County.</p><br>
<p>The Big Black River and most of its tributaries are silt-filled. The rivers carry large amounts of suspended sediment, resulting mostly from agricultural runoff. These tributaries are slow-flowing muddy streams. However, some are swift-flowing with sandy bottoms.</p><br>
<p>The Battle of Big Black River Bridge, fought during the Battle of Vicksburg,</p><br>
<p>was part of the Vicksburg Campaign in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Big Black River Basin</h2><br>
<p>The size of the Big Black River Basin drainage area is 3,400 square miles. Its elevation varies from 50 to 650 feet (14 to 198 meters) above sea level. It is 160 mi long and averages 22 to 25 miles wide. Most of its small tributaries are in the upper part of the basin and flow only part of the year. The terrain is hilly with 56% of the land forested and 39% used for farming and cattle ranching.</p><br>
<h2>Battle site</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, a pivotal battle between the Union and Confederate forces occurred along the Big Black River, culminating in the Siege of Vicksburg in 1863. Commanded by General Ulysses S. Grant, Union forces defeated Confederate troops under General John C. Pemberton at the Battle of Champion Hill. Grant chased Pemberton, who was headed toward Vicksburg. Pemberton left 5,000 troops to make a stand on both sides of the Big Black River after his Champion Hill defeat, while he withdrew with his main command to nearby Vicksburg.</p><br>
<p>Ragged Mountain  is a low mountain with numerous knobby summits in the towns of Danbury and Andover in central New Hampshire. It is home to the Ragged Mountain ski resort.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>In his book, The History of the Town of Andover, John R. Eastman describes Ragged Mountain as a "truly ragged pile of ledge and boulder, crag and cliff, hill and ravine." An east-west running, detached mountain, Ragged Mountain contains two prominent peaks separated by a shallow notch. The tallest peak, The Pinnacle, lies in the town of Andover at 2,286 ft; the second peak, at the top of Ragged Mountain Ski Resort, is 2,225 ft and sits in the town of Danbury.</p><br>
<p>The Bulkhead, a 300 ft granite cliff, juts out on the east end of Ragged Mountain. A seldom-used rock climbing destination, The Bulkhead is also the last place peregrine falcons have nested in the Sunapee-Kearsarge region of New Hampshire. The Bulkhead can be reached from The Bulkhead Trail at the headwaters of Mitchell Brook on Proctor Academy&#39;s campus. From the Andover town green, the hike takes roughly an hour and twenty minutes.</p><br>
<p>The 75 mi long Sunapee–Ragged–Kearsarge (SRK) Greenway, a hiking trail, traverses the summit and subsidiary knobs of the mountain. The trailheads are at Proctor Academy on NH Route 11 in Andover and, on the northern side, on New Canada Road in Danbury.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The northern side of Ragged Mountain drains into the Smith River via Bog Brook. The western, southern, and eastern sides of the mountain drain into the Blackwater River. The entire mountain is situated within the Merrimack River watershed, which empties into the Gulf of Maine (Atlantic Ocean) near Newburyport, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Water bodies around the base of the mountain are (listed counter-clockwise, starting to the west) Eagle Pond, Cold Pond, Hopkins Pond, Elbow Pond, and Bog Pond.</p><br>
<p>The Harlem River Houses is a New York City Housing Authority public housing complex located between West 151st and West 153rd Streets and between Macombs Place and the Harlem River Drive in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The complex, which covers 9 acre, was built in 1936-37 and opened in October 1937 &ndash; one of the first two housing projects in the city funded by the Federal government &ndash; with the goal of providing quality housing for working-class African Americans. It has 574 apartments.</p><br>
<p>The complex was designated a New York City Landmark in 1975 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. In 2014 the complex was designated a Special Planned Community Preservation District, a zoning category created in 1974 "to preserve and protect... superior examples of town planning or large-scale development." The success of the project can be attributed to its formal, classically influenced design, to the project&#39;s focus on attracting a wide variety of tenants, not just the indigent, and to its "generous budget and high aspirations for quality."</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>As originally planned public housing in New York City was segregated. After the Harlem Riot of 1935, there was pressure to improve housing for African Americans, but no general attempts were made to desegregate public housing. The Harlem River Houses were one of two projects which, for the first time, used Federal funds to construct public housing in New York City as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s "New Deal" social program. The project was built by the Housing Division of the Public Works Administration at the cost of $4.5 million, a site owned by the Rockefeller family, which demanded twice the amount which Federal land acquisition guidelines would normally allow to be paid.</p><br>
<p>The other project constructed at about the same time was the Williamsburg Houses in Brooklyn, intended for whites. The construction and opening of the two projects attracted national attention. When the project was completed, 11,000 people applied for the 574 available apartments. As of 1987, about 3 dozen of the tenants were part of the original group.</p><br>
<p>The 9-acre Harlem River Houses are said to be the most successful public housing in New York City. The architects designed modern, spacious buildings which, according to architecture critic Lewis Mumford, provided:</p><br>
<p>the equipment for decent living that every modern neighborhood needs: sunlight, air, safety, play space, meeting space, and living space. The families in the Harlem Houses have higher standards of housing, measured in tangible benefits, than most of those on Park Avenue.</p><br>
<p>When it opened, the project had child care, health care and a public community room on site. Rent in 1937 was $21.00 a month, and by 1939 was between $19.38 and $31.42 per month. During the Reagan Administration, the rent was raised from 25% to 30% of a family&#39;s gross income.</p><br>
<h2>Architects and artists</h2><br>
<p>Archibald Manning Brown was the chief architect for the project. Other contributing architects included Will Rice Amon, Richard W. Buckley, Frank J. Forster, Charles F. Fuller, Horace Ginsbern, and John Louis Wilson, Jr. one of the first African American architects to be registered in New York State. Historians believe that Ginsbern, who had previously worked on the design of garden apartments on the Grand Concourse in The Bronx, was responsible for the project&#39;s overall layout.</p><br>
<p>The landscape architects for the project were headed by Michael Rapuano.</p><br>
<p>The primary sculptor involved in the design of the Harlem River Houses was Heinz Warneke, assisted by T. Barbarossa, F. Steinberger, and Richmond Barthé, whose frieze Green Pastures: Walls of Jericho is sited in the project.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Each building in the complex is four or five stories tall and is set around landscaped open areas which include lawns, wide walkways, and recreation areas; around two-thirds of the project&#39;s land is open space. Those buildings with an additional story are built on a lower level, giving all buildings the same overall height. They are built from red brick, and have very little trim.</p><br>
<p>The project is divided into three groups of buildings, two of which are west of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard (Seventh Avenue), and one of which lies east of the avenue and west of the Harlem River Drive. All lie between West 151st and West 153rd Streets. The two western groups are each arranged around a large plaza, while the eastern group is more linear. The formal layout is "reminiscent of a European park."</p><br>
<p>One contemporary critic said of the complex: The whole, in detailing, looks tired &ndash; as if the creative drive and the creator&#39;s pleasure, which had sailed so triumphantly through the period of general planning and design, had suddently failed when it came to the last, completing touches. Harlem River Houses is so generally beautiful that one longs for it to be perfect. What might have been great architecture is merely - very good.</p><br>
<p>The Cockermouth River is a 9.5 mi stream located in central New Hampshire in the United States. It is the longest tributary of Newfound Lake, part of the Pemigewasset River and ultimately Merrimack River watersheds. The river takes its name from the "Cockermouth Grant", an early name for a portion of the town of Hebron.</p><br>
<p>The river begins in Province Road State Forest near the western boundary of Groton, New Hampshire and proceeds southeast across the entire town of Groton. The river is closely paralleled by Sculptured Rocks Road, a very rough dirt road which gradually becomes more passable to automobiles as it proceeds downstream. The river passes through Sculptured Rocks Natural Area, a series of narrow, sharply carved rock formations that are a popular local swimming hole, then enters a broader valley as it passes the village center of Groton.</p><br>
<p>Continuing east, the Cockermouth River enters the town of Hebron and flows into Newfound Lake near the lake&#39;s northern end.</p><br>
<p>The Squam River is a 3.6 mi river located in central New Hampshire in the United States. The river is the outlet of Squam Lake, the second-largest lake in New Hampshire, and it is a tributary of the Pemigewasset River, which itself is a tributary of the Merrimack River.</p><br>
<p>The Squam River first appears as a narrow channel in Holderness, New Hampshire between Squam Lake and Little Squam Lake downstream. The two lakes have the same elevation, due to a dam below the outlet to Little Squam, so the river in Holderness village is not free-flowing. Below Little Squam Lake the river proceeds south for over a mile before reaching the dam which controls the two lakes&#39; water level. Below this point, the river quickly reaches the backwater from a mill dam in the town of Ashland.</p><br>
<p>In Ashland, the river drops 50 ft in 0.2 mi, sufficient to provide hydropower for numerous industries when the town originally grew in the 19th century. Below the center of town, the river wanders southeast under railroad tracks and Interstate 93 and past the Ashland sewage treatment plant before entering the Pemigewasset River.</p><br>
<p>The Back River is a 6.5 mi river located in New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the United States. It is a tributary to the Powwow River, part of the Merrimack River watershed. Approximately 3.0 mi of the river are in New Hampshire, with the remaining 3.5 mi in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Prior to European settlement in the early 17th century, Native Americans of the Pennacook tribe lived in the area, and used both the Back River and parent Powwow River for transportation and fishing. The native population was essentially destroyed by the 1617-19 epidemic in the area.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the Clarks Pond Dam was built in Amesbury, Massachusetts, creating the pond of that name. Since the pond&#39;s creation, it has been degraded by residential building in the area, and was considered "threatened" in a 2013 report, by residential run-off and silt deposits.</p><br>
<p>The Back River rises in Kensington, New Hampshire, and flows southeast, almost immediately entering the town of South Hampton. The river turns south and enters Massachusetts in Amesbury, joining the Powwow River at tidewater just downstream from the city&#39;s center at the falls of the Powwow.</p><br>
<p>Savin Hill is a section of Dorchester, the largest neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States.</p><br>
<p>Named after the geographic feature it covers and surrounds, Savin Hill is about one square mile in area, and has a population of about 15,000 people. Savin Hill Beach and Malibu Beach are nearby and are a resource for surrounding communities. Rail and bus routes give access to and from Savin Hill, especially the Savin Hill station.</p><br>
<p>It is the home of the Savin Hill Yacht Club which was founded in 1875 as the Savin Hill Beach Association but later changed its name in 1888. The club is located off Morrissey Boulevard, a main artery in the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Neponset Indians, a part of the larger Massachusett tribe, spent their summers in Savin Hill for centuries before the arrival of Europeans. Captain John Smith of Virginia, the first English settler in America, visited Dorchester in 1614, and had commerce with the Neponset Indians.</p><br>
<p>Savin Hill was settled and founded in June 1630, just a few months before Boston was settled.</p><br>
<p>The first people arriving in the area were Puritans who came on the "Mary and John" from England. They had formerly settled further south on the coast, in the Hull area, before moving north to a hill overlooking a protected harbor, now called Dorchester Bay.</p><br>
<p>They landed in boats and built a settlement for approximately 140 people near what is today the intersection of Grampian Way and Savin Hill Avenue. Originally, the area was named Rock Hill.</p><br>
<p>By the 1780s, the name changed to Old Hill, a time when the United States was in its infancy.</p><br>
<p>The original boundary of Dorchester extended almost to the Rhode Island border. As time went on, settlements broke away and the geographical size of the town continued to shrink until 1870, when it disappeared on paper. In that year, the town of Dorchester was incorporated into the city of Boston, and the name became the designation of a neighborhood. By then, the rocky hill where the Puritans first settled had changed its name again, this time to Savin Hill.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Tuttle, a local innkeeper, who had opened a luxurious hotel at what is today the intersection of Savin Hill Avenue and Tuttle Street, invented the new title "Savin Hill" in 1819, which he named after the red juniper trees (Savin trees) that grew abundantly in the area.</p><br>
<p>After the American Civil War, the Worthington family, who owned most of the land in present-day Savin Hill, started selling house lots. At that time, most of the Victorian homes that line the slope of the hill were constructed.</p><br>
<p>Transportation influenced the development of the neighborhood. The Shawmut Branch Railroad provided a connection to downtown Boston starting in 1872. It was soon acquired by the Old Colony Railroad. Savin Hill Station became part of Boston&#39;s rapid transit network in 1927, now operated as the MBTA Red Line.</p><br>
<p>When it was separated from the ocean by Morrissey Boulevard in the early 1930s, Savin Hill became a clearly defined area within Dorchester. The distinct nature of the hill itself was made more evident by the trench of the Southeast Expressway (Interstate 93) in the late 1950s. Today, this original area is often referred to as Savin Hill "over the bridge," meaning on the east side of where Savin Hill Avenue bridges the Expressway. The full section commonly designated Savin Hill now runs as far west as Pleasant Street, and north-south from Columbia Road to Hancock Street.</p><br>
<p>Savin Hill&#39;s population for most of the 20th century consisted primarily of white middle- and working-class families, most prominently Irish-Americans. Recent decades have seen a large influx of Vietnamese residents and businesses on and around Dorchester Avenue, in addition to increasing numbers of African-Americans and immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean islands. A gay community has become more visible in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Its relative isolation, solid and often historically significant housing stock, and proximity to downtown Boston have helped make Savin Hill one of the areas of Dorchester which has undergone the most gentrification in recent years. Many of the neighborhood&#39;s traditional two- and three-family houses have been converted to individually owned condominiums since the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Due to its historic character the entire neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Waterberg  is a mountainous massif of approximately 14,500 square kilometers in north Limpopo Province, South Africa.</p><br>
<p>The average height of the mountain range is 600 m with a few peaks rising up to 2000 m above sea level. Vaalwater town is located just north of the mountain range. The extensive rock formation was shaped by hundreds of millions of years of riverine erosion to yield diverse bluff and butte landform. The ecosystem can be characterised as a dry deciduous forest or Bushveld. Within the Waterberg there are archaeological finds dating to the Stone Age, and nearby are early evolutionary finds related to the origin of humans.</p><br>
<p>Waterberg (Thaba Meetse) is the first region in the northern part of South Africa to be named as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The underlying rock formation derives from the Kaapvaal Craton, formed as a precursor island roughly 2.7 billion years ago. This crustal formation became the base of the Waterberg, which was further transformed by upward extrusion of igneous rocks. These extruded rocks, containing minerals such as vanadium and platinum, are called the Bushveld Igneous Complex. The original extent of this rock upthrust involved about 250,000 square kilometers, and is sometimes called the Waterberg Supergroup.</p><br>
<p>Sedimentary deposition from rivers cutting through Waterberg endured until roughly 1.5 billion years ago. In more recent time (around 250 million years ago) the Kaapvaal craton collided with the supercontinent Gondwana, and split Gondwana into its modern-day continents. Waterberg today contains mesas, buttes and some kopje outcrops. Some of cliffs stand up to 550 meters above the plains, with exposed multi-coloured sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The sandstone formations could retain groundwater sufficient to make a suitable environment for primitive man. The cliff overhangs offered natural shelters for these early humans. The first human ancestors may have been at Waterberg as early as three million years ago, since Makapansgat, 40 kilometers distant, has yielded skeletons of Australopithecus africanus. Hogan suggests that Homo erectus, whose evidence remains were also discovered in Makapansgat, "may have purposefully moved into the higher areas of the Waterberg for summer (December to March) game".</p><br>
<p>Bushmen entered Waterberg around two thousand years ago. They produced rock paintings at Lapalala within the Waterberg, including depictions of rhinoceros and antelope. Early Iron Age settlers in Waterberg were Bantu, who had brought cattle to the region. The Bantu created a problem in Waterberg, since cattle reduced grassland caused invasion of brush species leading to an outbreak of the tse-tse fly. The ensuing epidemic of sleeping sickness depopulated the plains, but at higher elevations man survived, because the fly cannot survive above 600 meters.</p><br>
<p>Later people left the first Stone Age artifacts recovered in northern South Africa. Starting about the year 1300 AD, Nguni settlers arrived with new technologies, including the ability to build dry-stone walls, which techniques were then used to add defensive works to their Iron Age forts, some of which walls survive to today. Archaeologists continue to excavate Waterberg to shed light on the Nguni culture and the associated dry-stone architecture.</p><br>
<p>The first white settlers arrived in Waterberg in 1808 and the first naturalist a Swede appeared just before mid 19th century. Around the mid 19th century, a group of Dutch travelers set out from Cape Town in search of Jerusalem. Arriving in Waterberg, they mis-estimated their distance and thought they had reached Egypt.</p><br>
<p>After battles between Dutch settlers and tribesmen, the races co-existed until around 1900. The Dutch brought further cattle grazing, multiplying the impacts of indigenous tribes. By the beginning of the 20th century there were an estimated 200 western inhabitants of the Waterberg, and grassland loss began to have a severe impact upon native wildlife populations.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>There are several sub-habitats within the Waterberg Biosphere, which is fundamentally a dry deciduous forest; according to Hogan: "These sub-habitats include high plateau savanna, specialized shaded cliff vegetation system and riparian zone habitat with associated marshes".</p><br>
<h3>Flora and fauna</h3><br>
<p>The savanna consists of rolling grasslands and a semi-deciduous forest, with trees such as mountain syringa, silver cluster-leaf and lavender tree. The canopy is mostly leafless during the dry winter. Native grasses include signal grass, goose grass and heather-topped grass. Indigenous grasses provide graze to support native species including impala, kudu, klipspringer and blue wildebeest. Some Pachypodium habitats are found especially in isolated kopje formations.</p><br>
<p>Other indigenous mammals include giraffe, white rhinoceros and warthog. Snakes include the black mamba and spitting cobra. In 1905 Eugene Marais studied these snakes of the Waterberg. Some birds seen are the black-headed oriole and the white-backed vulture. Predators include the leopard, hyena and lion.</p><br>
<p>Vegetative cliff habitats are abundant in the Waterberg due to the extensive historic riverine erosion. The African porcupine uses the protection of these cliffside caves. Some trees cling to the cliff areas, including the paperbark false-thorn, that have flaking bark hanging from their thick trunks. Another tree in this habitat is the fever tree, thought by Bushmen to have special power to allow communication with the dead. It is found on cliffs above the Palala River including one site used for prehistoric ceremonies, which is also a location of some intact rock paintings.</p><br>
<p>Riparian zones are associated with various rivers that cut through Waterberg. These surface waters all drain to the Limpopo River which flows easterly to discharge into the Indian Ocean. The river bushwillow is a riparian tree in this habitat. These riparian zones offer habitat for birds, reptiles and mammals that require more water than plateau species. The riverine areas are inhabited by the apex predator Nile crocodile and the hippopotamus. These wet habitats have reduced numbers of water-living insects, and the Waterberg is thus considered an almost malaria-free region.</p><br>
<h2>Land management</h2><br>
<p>As of 2006 about 80,000 people lived on the Waterberg plateau, which is part of the Bushveld district of Limpopo Province of South Africa. After cattle grazing wrought ecological havoc in the mid 1900s, the land owners of the region became aware of the benefits of restoring habitat to attract and protect the original species of antelope, white rhino, giraffe, hippopotami, and other species whose numbers dropped in the era of intense cattle grazing.</p><br>
<p>The rise in eco-tourism has stimulated interest in soil conservation practices to restore original grass species to the Waterberg. The land management practises required are expensive, but repay the landowner with added value in wildlife habitat. There is also a trend for larger farms and open space areas with the resultant advantage of fence removal. This outcome not only benefits large mammal migration, but yields an improved gene pool.</p><br>
<p>The Welgevonden Game Reserve covers 37,500 hectares of the plateau. The Kololo Game Reserve covers 3000 hectares, part of which is in the Welgevonden Private Game Reserve, and part of which is completely protected.</p><br>
<p>The Colonel Crawford Burn Site Monument is a war monument in rural Wyandot County, Ohio, United States. Placed in the 1870s, it commemorates the death by burning of Colonel William Crawford during the concluding years of the American Revolution. The stone monument itself was long the subject of local interest, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>As the end of the American Revolution approached, warfare continued in the backcountry of modern Ohio; British-allied Indians continued to harass the American settlers. In 1782, a regiment of Virginia soldiers was sent in reprisal to destroy Indian villages on the Sandusky River, under the command of William Crawford, a friend of victorious General George Washington. However, the Crawford expedition ended on June 4 after a skirmish south of modern-day Carey, and the Americans retreated. Colonel Crawford was captured by the Indians after the battle, and seven days later he was tortured and burned at the stake on the banks of Tymochtee Creek in present-day northeastern Wyandot County.</p><br>
<p>As the centenary of the burning approached, a movement arose to commemorate Crawfords death with a monument. The movements proponents were aroused by a strong sense of the incidents importance: besides being the earliest major event in Wyandot County history, it was the countys most prominent event of all time in their opinion. One of the countys leading lawyers, Curtis Berry, originated the idea of marking the site. The marker is made of sandstone from Berea, Ohio, worked in the shape of a cannon and cut approximately 6.5 ft tall. Local labor at B.L. Bauschers firm in Upper Sandusky performed the stone cutting during the middle of 1877, and the monument was dedicated later in the year. The dedication ceremony saw thousands of people in attendance. For many years, the local Pioneer Association hosted an annual Pioneer Picnic at the monument, until the deaths of older residents and the apathy of younger residents saw the demise of the event in 1935. Interest returned in the 1970s: locals opposed the construction of a proposed electric transmission line by the site, and it became a popular location for school field trips.</p><br>
<p>In April 1982, the monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its connection to Crawford; it is one of ten such locations in Wyandot County. Commemorative monuments are typically ineligible for National Register listing, and sites such as the Crawford Burn Site Monument can qualify only if the markers themselves have become historically significant.</p><br>
<p>Froswick is a fell in the English Lake District, standing on the fine narrow ridge between the valleys of Kentmere and Troutbeck.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>To the north is Thornthwaite Crag, while the adjoining fell to the south is Ill Bell. Froswick is shorter in stature than either of its neighbours and also has no obvious route of direct ascent. For these reasons it is often seen merely as a stopping point on the Ill Bell ridge, or the longer Kentmere Horseshoe walk. Froswick also apes the form of Ill Bell to a surprising degree, particularly when the ridge is viewed in profile.</p><br>
<p>The western Troutbeck side is steep and smooth, except for the ravine of Blue Gill. This rends the fellside from top to bottom and is a feeder of Hagg Gill. The Kentmere flank is rougher and falls in fans of scree to the River Kent, just above Kentmere Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Topographically, Froswick has one feature which Ill Bell lacks - a subsidiary ridge. Starting out southwards from halfway down the western side, a narrow wedge of high ground pushes out into the Troutbeck valley. Separating Trout Beck from its main tributary Hagg Gill, is the modest height of Troutbeck Tongue.</p><br>
<p>The ridges north and south from Froswick are both narrow and airy. Northwards a ruined fence is followed above the crags of Wander Scar, before the ridge broadens onto the summit plateau of Thornthwaite Crag. The transit to Ill Bell passes above Over Cove on the Kentmere side before commencing the rocky scramble to the summit. The impressive summit cairns of both neighbours are easily visible from Froswick.</p><br>
<h2>Roman road</h2><br>
<p>In addition to the well-worn path along the ridge (and a detour which bypasses the Froswick summit to the west), the fell also carries the High Street Roman road on its western flank. This rises up the valley of Hagg Gill before crossing the ridge below Thornthwaite Crag and making a bee-line for its namesake fell. Climbing along a number of worn grooves in the fellside, the road is also known as Scot Rake.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Froswick is small, but lacks the rockiness of Ill Bell. A small cairn sits on the grass. The view is limited by taller neighbours, but there is a good sight of the Scafells and Langdales.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Direct ascents can be made via Scot Rake or Blue Gill from Troutbeck. On the Kentmere side there are no pathed routes, but a tongue of grass to the north of the fell avoids the worst of the scree.</p><br>
<p>Mount Isarog is a potentially active stratovolcano located in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines, on the island of Luzon. It has an elevation of 2,000 metres above mean sea level.</p><br>
<p>The peak of the mountain marks the point where the borders of five municipalities and one city meet (listed in clockwise direction, starting north): Goa, Tigaon, Ocampo, Pili, Naga City, and Calabanga.</p><br>
<p>Mount Isarog was where local troops of the Philippine Army and Constabulary units and Bicolano guerrillas hid during the Japanese Period. In the 1970s, with the leadership of Romulo Jallores and his brother, they established the New People&#39;s Army in the Bicol region at the foot of this mountain.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Indigenous History</h3><br>
<p>Mount Isarog has been the ancestral territory of the indigenous Isarog Agta people for thousands of years prior to the arrival of the Spanish. They are one of the first inhabitants in the entire Philippines and are of Negrito origin. They are a group of Aeta people with a distinct language and heritage unique from others.</p><br>
<h3>Legal History</h3><br>
<p>It was made a public land through the Proclamation No. 157 on March 28, 2015. Towns around it is classified as timberland forest with an area of 13,433 hectare.</p><br>
<p>On August 17, 1935, General Frank Murphy established the Mt. Isarog Forest Reserve which reduced the size of the area to 10,112. But it was revoked by President Manuel L. Quezon when he signed Proclamation No. 293 titled "Establishment of Mt. Isarog as a National Park."</p><br>
<p>On June 1, 1992, with the passage of Republic Act 7586 known as the National Integrated Protected Areas System or NIPAS, Mt. Isarog was National Integrated Protected Area Programme. On June 20, 2002, by virtue of Proclamation No. 214, Mt. Isarog became a protected area under the natural park.</p><br>
<h2>Isarog Agta Language</h2><br>
<p>In 2010, UNESCO released its 3rd world volume of Endangered Languages in the World, where 3 critically endangered languages were in the Philippines. One of these languages in the Isarog Agta language which has an estimated speaker of 5 people in the year 2000. The language was classified as Critically Endangered, meaning the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently and hardly pass the language to their children and grandchildren anymore. If the remaining 150 people do not pass their native language to the next generation of Isarog Agta people, their indigenous language will be extinct within a period of 1 to 2 decades.</p><br>
<p>The Isarog Agta people live within the circumference of Mount Isarog, though only 5 of them still know their indigenous language. They are one of the original Negrito settlers in the entire Philippines. They belong to the Aeta people classification, but have distinct language and belief systems unique to their own culture and heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Biodiversity</h2><br>
<p>Mt. Isarog has a rich diversity. It displays four major types of natural habitat or vegetation; from the warm grassland and lowland forest to the wet and cool climate of montane forest.</p><br>
<p>The lowland forest is noted for its tall canopy. The uppermost layer towers between 30–40 meters and sometimes even reach 60 meters. Many of these trees belong to the dipterocarp family. The second canopy layer (between 23–30 meters) has the sustain bamboos (Bambusa), arborescent palms (Calamus), climbing bammboo (Schizostacyum), climbing pandans (Freycinetia) and vascular epiphytes such as orchids and ferns.</p><br>
<p>The grassland (parang) is dominated by cogon (Imperata cylindrica) and talahib (Saccharum ovatum) grasses. The topography and soil condition of the area limits the growth of trees, giving rise to the grassland.</p><br>
<p>The montane forest has two-oken because layered canopy trees ranging from 12–25 meters with noticeable canopy gaps due to the absence of large trees.</p><br>
<p>The mossy forest has a canopy with a small height of 2 to 6 meters only. The canopy is broken because of the high winds and steep terrain. It is inhabited by bamboo, pandan, orchids, ferns, pitcher plants and other epiphytes. Trees at this level are covered with moss.</p><br>
<h3>Endemic</h3><br>
<p>Isarog Shrew rat (Rhynchomys isarogensis) was first discovered in 1988 in Mount Isarog. Although it has no direct economic value, its presence in Mount Isarog is a barometer of wealth and management of its natural resources. It is now listed as endangered in the Red Data Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Isarog is included as a protected area, home to endemic rodents (Archboldomys luzonensis, Chrotomys gonzalesi and Rhynchomys isarogensis), other endemic mammals, and 15 bird species endemic to Luzon.</p><br>
<p>Isarog Cloud Frog was first described by scientists in 1997. In total, scientists have identified one and possibly three new frog species, 8 species of snakes, and 19 species of lizards.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Isarog also has the rare Mt. Isarog Forest Skink (Sphenomorphus knollmanae) that occurs nowhere else in the world.</p><br>
<p>Fort Augusta was a stronghold in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, in the upper Susquehanna Valley from the time of the French and Indian War to the close of the American Revolution.</p><br>
<p>The fort was erected by in 1756 at a site now within the limits of the city of Sunbury, in an area the Indians called "Shamokin." Named for Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, the mother of King George III, Fort Augusta was the largest of the Provincial forts. It was first constructed as part of the British defense against the raids of the French and Indians from the upper Allegheny region. Later, it served as an American fortress to aid in protecting settlers of the upper Susquehanna from Britain&#39;s Indian allies to the north.</p><br>
<p>During the French and Indian War in 1756, several hundred French and Indian troops traveled the Great Shamokin Path in an effort to destroy Fort Augusta, the main stronghold of the English at the junction of the East and West branches of the Susquehanna River. This army was gathered from the French posts at Duquesne, Kittanning, Venango and Le Boeuf and assembled at the mouth of Anderson Creek, near the present location of Curwensville, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Here, crude boats, rafts and bateaux were constructed for passage down the Susquehanna River for the proposed attack. They dragged along with them two small brass cannon, but after reconnoitering found the distance too great for the guns to shoot from the hill opposite the fort. The defense at Fort Augusta was strong enough to resist attack by storming or by siege, and the attack was abandoned. A British defeat at Fort Augusta may have altered the history of the course of the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, Fort Augusta became the headquarters of the military department of the upper Susquehanna. Fort Augusta was dismantled in 1796.</p><br>
<p>Today, on the site of the old Fort, the has its headquarters in the "." The museum contains historical and archaeological artifacts dealing with Fort Augusta and items of local history. It also contains a well and the original powder magazine that were here during the time of the original Fort Augusta. There is also a genealogical library of material on early families in Northumberland County and surrounding counties. The museum is located at 1150 North Front Street, Sunbury, Pennsylvania. A model of the fort, built in 2013, stands in the front of the museum as a replica of the original model, which was built in 1939, and taken down in 1974. The model of the fort was reconstructed in 2013 and rededicated on July 5, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The fort&#39;s underground powder magazine and the original well still exist.</p><br>
<p>Ill Bell is a fell in the English Lake District, in the county of Cumbria, standing on the narrow ridge between the valleys of Kentmere and Troutbeck.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>To the north is Froswick, a strikingly similar lesser copy, while the adjoining fell to the south is Yoke. Ill Bell appears from some directions to be a perfectly symmetrical bell-shaped peak, and Hill Bell is one possible derivation of the name, quoted by Alfred Wainwright. With this form aped by Froswick, the ridge assumes an unmistakable roller-coaster appearance when viewed in profile.</p><br>
<p>The western side is steep and relatively smooth, falling not direct to the Troutbeck valley but to its main tributary, Hagg Gill. The low top of Troutbeck Tongue stands between the two valleys. The eastern Kentmere flank is rougher and steeper, falling in a great tumble of scree to the shore of Kentmere Reservoir. There is the hint of a ridge to the north-east over Leads Howe. North and south of Ill Bell the Kentmere face is gouged out by Over and Rainsborrow Coves respectively. These features have created the narrow ridges to Froswick and Yoke.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The ridge is followed by a good path, and is the most usual route of ascent. Yoke and Ill Bell form the start of the popular Kentmere Horseshoe, returning ultimately down the ridge on the opposite side of Kentmere valley. The ridge is also commonly ascended from Troutbeck valley, via the Garburn Road. Direct ascents are also possible from the valley of Hagg Gill via the northernmost quarry, or striking up over Lead Howes from the reservoir in Kentmere.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The top of Ill Bell is small, peaked, and unusually stony for the Far Eastern Fells. A number of columnar cairns have been built at the summit and at various points close by. These are big enough to enable easy recognition of the fell from a distance. The view of the Scafells is good and Ill Bell also gives a fine view of Windermere. All the fells making up the Kentmere Horseshoe can be seen clearly, while Cross Fell and the Dun Fells in the Pennines are in sight above Nan Bield Pass.</p><br>
<p>The Old New York County Courthouse at 52 Chambers Street in Manhattan, New York City, more commonly known as the Tweed Courthouse, was built in Italianate style with Romanesque Revival interiors, using funds provided by the corrupt William M. "Boss" Tweed, whose Tammany Hall political machine controlled the city and state governments at the time.</p><br>
<p>The outer shell of the building was constructed from 1861–1872 by the architect John Kellum, with the political appointee Thomas Little. Construction was interrupted when the kickbacks and corruption involved in the construction of the building were disclosed to the public.</p><br>
<p>The project was completed by architect Leopold Eidlitz who added the rear wing and interior renovations from 1877–1881, departing from Kellum&#39;s classicism with "an American version of organic architecture expressed through medieval forms".</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places, both in 1984, when it was called "one of the city&#39;s grandest and most important civic monuments".</p><br>
<p>Modern restoration and historic preservation of the courthouse were completed in 2001, and the building is now home to the New York City Department of Education. The Tweed Courthouse is the second oldest city government building in Manhattan, after City Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The building is composed of a central section with two projecting wings, with an addition in the center on the south facade. The entry portico on the main Chambers Street facade (illustration) rises three and a half stories from a low granite curb, supported by four Corinthian columns. Panels of granite and Tuckahoe marble and Sheffield marbles are anchored to the outside of the brick structure, with rusticated stone at the basement level. This main wing was designed by Kellum in the style of the Renaissance palazzo, described as the "Anglo-Italianate" style to reveal the influence of British Victorian architecture that was the foundation of the popular American Victorian style.</p><br>
<p>The southern wing of the courthouse was constructed in the Romanesque Revival style by the German-born architect and theoretician Leopold Eidlitz, who added the wide rotunda enclosing the central courtyard, which Kellum had intended to be capped with a dome, which was never built. On the east and west sides of the rotunda are sets of cast iron stairs that run from the first to the third floors. The pillars on the interior were faux painted to resemble marble pillars, and the cast-iron handrails at the staircase were painted with a wood-grained finish.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The location had previously been occupied by the public commons and a poorhouse. Tweed became one of the wealthiest New Yorkers of the day by using the construction of the building as a pretext to embezzle millions of dollars from the city government and the public. "Boss" Tweed stole an estimated 75 million dollars (at least) from New York City public funds. Tweed is considered one of the most corrupt politicians in United States history. Tweed assembled a ring of political allies who helped maintain his corrupt business all the while furthering his political agenda as well. A series of disruptions culminated in the trial of "Boss" Tweed in an unfinished courtroom of this building in 1873. In 1876, Eidlitz was commissioned to complete an expanded design, redesigning the neoclassical interiors of Kellum with rich polychrome effects in Romanesque Revival style. The Tweed courthouse was finally finished in 1881, more than 20 years after work began. The total cost of construction was estimated in 1914 at $11 million to $12 million, but the amount of money pocketed by the Tammany Hall group is unknown. The expanded design provided thirty monumental courtrooms ranged round the central three-storey octagonal rotunda.</p><br>
<p>John Kellum began his career as a house carpenter, later forming the firm King & Kellum in 1846 as the junior partner of Gamaliel King, architect of Brooklyn Borough Hall, the project for which he required an on-site partner. The firm designed commercial buildings, including the landmarked Cary Building at 105-107 Chambers Street, one of the earliest cast-iron facades in New York City. Kellum started his own practice in 1860, and designed several buildings for Alexander T. Stewart, including his department store at Broadway and 10th Street, which burned down in 1956, and the master plan for Garden City, Long Island. Thomas Little, a political appointee of the New York City Board of Supervisors, was given ex officio credit along with Kellum.</p><br>
<p>Leopold Eidlitz is best known for his work on the New York State Capitol. Eidlitz was hired in 1876 to finish the courthouse after the initial architect, John Kellum, died before completion. He added the buildings south wing and domed rotunda. The Romanesque style and his extensive use of brick and stone transformed the appearance of the courthouse, in contrast to Kellums intricate cast-iron design.</p><br>
<p>In 1927, the County Court moved from the Tweed Courthouse to the new New York County Courthouse a few blocks north on Centre Street.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>In the spring of 1999, John G. Waite Associates began the $85 million complete restoration of the building. The firm carefully removed as much as 18 layers of paint to reveal the original brick walls and cast iron in order to recreate the original paint colors. The skylights and structure of the roof over the rotunda were replaced, marble and glass tiled floors were restored and additional detail was carved into the capitals of the exterior columns at the portico, where the sheared-away entrance steps were replaced. The original ventilation shafts in the building&#39;s walls were used for modern heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to maintain the appearance of the interior spaces. In addition, the front steps, which had been removed to accommodate a widening of Chambers Street, were restored.</p><br>
<p>The Guide to New York City Landmarks characterizes the building as containing "some of the finest mid-19th century interiors in New York."</p><br>
<p>The painstaking restoration of the building to its original form and decoration was intended to prepare it for its new role as the new home of the Museum of the City of New York. However, the Bloomberg administration chose to house the New York City Department of Education with offices and classrooms also occupied by Innovate Manhattan Charter School.</p><br>
<p>Chalkiopoulo  is a Greek village located in the northwest part of Aetolia-Acarnania. It is part of the municipal unit Inachos.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village existed during the struggle for the independence of Greece (1821-1829) and many of its members participated in this struggle, namely the families: Alexiou (Giannakis, Stavros), Valtinos (Athanasios, Kolios, Georgakis, Georgios, Ioannis, Panos, Dimitrios and Sotiris), Kontogiannis (Mitsos, Vaggelis, Nikolaos, Spyros), Mylonas Zacharis, Nikou Andreas, Sotiris Dimos, Christou Konstantinos, Christou or Seltsikas Spyros and others.</p><br>
<p>Chalkiopoulo appears in the list of Greece&#39;s villages which was issued by the Greek Kingdom (Otto king of Greece) after the independence (1832). The village belongs to the municipality of Inachos (΄Ιναχος) and the province of Valtos.</p><br>
<p>The original settlement is now mostly abandoned by its inhabitants (population 53 people according to the 2011 census). A new settlement was created along the bank of the river Inachos with the name "New Chalkiopoulo (Νέο Χαλκιόπουλο)". Authors Kostas Hatzopoulos and Mitsou Andreas derive their origin from Chalkiopoulo.</p><br>
<h2>Neo Chalkiopoulo</h2><br>
<p>Neo Chalkiopoulo has a population of 569 inhabitants (2011). The altitude of the new village is 270 meters above the sea level. The new village has a health center which provides primary health services to all the people in the municipality of Inachous. Additionally, a marketplace is present, with various goods available.</p><br>
<h2>Agios Vlasios</h2><br>
<p>The population of Agios Vlasios (Greek: Άγιος Βλάσιος) was 14 at the 2011 census. It is located near the old village of Chalkiopoulo, east of Neo Chalkiopoulo. The elevation is 770 meters above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Lake Accotink is a reservoir in North Springfield in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. Lake Accotink is formed by the damming of Accotink Creek. The lake is surrounded by Lake Accotink Park.</p><br>
<h2>The lake</h2><br>
<p>The lake is 55 acres, and the surrounding park is 493. The primary inflow and outflow is Accotink Creek, which is dammed on the south side, near a Norfolk Southern railway trestle. During 2010, the dam underwent construction. Boat rentals had to be suspended during that time.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The park has bikes, canoes, paddleboats, and rowboats available for rent. Visitors can also ride tour boats, or walk or run the 3.75 mi trail loop around the lake. Other trails stretch beyond the park and connect to the Cross-County Trail, with its running trails and mountain biking trail. A miniature golf course surrounds an antique carousel near the south entrance to the park. Gas-powered motorboats are not allowed on the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Services</h2><br>
<p>At the snack bar/boathouse visitors can purchase chips, drinks, and other snacks. Pavilions can be reserved for parties or other special occasions. An antique carousel runs during the summer, and there are playgrounds near the pavilions. Close to the playground are picnic areas with grills. A wide range of summer camps are available during the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Lake Accotink hosts a great variety of wildlife. Waterfowl such as great blue herons, ducks, and Canada geese float on the water. Birds like seagulls, American robins, swifts, swallows, osprey, and occasionally bald eagles inhabit the park. Red foxes, white-tailed deer and beaver dams are common along the edges of the lake along with cottonmouth snakes skinks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Accotink was constructed in 1943-44 by the USA Army as a reservoir for Fort Belvoir. The dam impounding the Accotink Creek was built on the site of a previous dam which had existed for that same purpose from 1918 to 1922.</p><br>
<p>The discharge of sewage treatment plants in Fairfax and Vienna into the Accotink Creek eventually led to the contamination of the water to the point where it was no longer fit for drinking, and the Army sought to dispose of the reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The area had been open to recreational use previously, but the Army&#39;s discontinuing use of the reservoir led to closing of the site, as guards were no longer posted. After the land and reservoir were officially declared as surplus, Fairfax County in 1958 expressed its interest in acquiring the land and reservoir for use as a public park and recreation area.</p><br>
<p>Although the reservoir had previously been declared surplus, the Army decided it wanted to retain title to the property in case of future need. In March 1960, Fairfax was awarded a 25-year license to develop the lake for public park and recreational use. Shortly thereafter, the reservoir was officially renamed Lake Accotink.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, Lake Accotink was declared surplus and put up for auction. The Fairfax County Park Authority was the high bidder, and officially purchased the 242-acre tract, including the 100-acre lake, for $176,500 in April 1965.</p><br>
<p>Fairfax County Park Authority Director James D. Bell closed Lake Accotink in June 1970 when samples taken from Accotink Creek above the lake were found to be so contaminated with intestinal bacteria from the City of Fairfaxs overloaded sewage treatment plant that the water was a health hazard. Following the closure of the Fairfax City sewage plant and the connection of the city to the countys sewer system in February 1971, Director Bell announced a plan to drain, refill and restock the lake with fish.</p><br>
<p>Despite the closure of the sewage plant and the draining and refilling of the lake, tests still showed the lake as being too polluted to use, as runoff from development had silted the 80-acre lake and trapped the filth in sediment. The lake was finally opened in July 1971, although only for boating and fishing, as it was still too polluted to swim in.</p><br>
<h2>Incidents</h2><br>
<p>On June 3, 1961, 4-year-old Kevin Kilduff drowned in the spillway after wandering off from a picnic with his mother. The boy was taken to the Alexandria Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.</p><br>
<p>45-year-old Merrill J. Fogle drowned in the lake on the night of July 5, 1976 when the boat in which he and two friends were in overturned and he disappeared while swimming for the shore. Fogle was found by rescue divers early the next morning and was taken to Fairfax Hospital, where he was pronounced dead.</p><br>
<p>On May 29, 1993, 8-month old Mario Roberto Sierra drowned in the lake when the canoe he was riding in capsized. Sierra was not wearing a life jacket. His corpse was recovered the following day, about 200 yards from shore.</p><br>
<p>On July 12, 1997, Eric A. Barcia, a fast-food worker, taped a bunch of bungee cords together, wrapped an end around one foot, anchored the other end to the trestle at train bridge, jumped—and hit pavement.</p><br>
<p>The Sans-Souci Palace is a palace in Haiti in the town of Milot, Nord, located approximately 5 km northeast of the Citadelle Laferrière, and 13 km southwest of the Three Bays Protected Area.</p><br>
<p>It was the royal residence of King Henri I (better known as Henri Christophe) of Haiti, Queen Marie-Louise and their two daughters. It was the most important of nine palaces built by the king, as well as fifteen châteaux, numerous forts, and sprawling summer homes on his twenty plantations. Construction of the palace started in 1810 and was completed in 1813. Its name translated from French means "carefree". The nearest airport and large city is Cap-Haïtien.</p><br>
<p>Before the construction of Sans-Souci, Milot was a French plantation that Christophe managed for a period during the Haitian Revolution. Many of Henri Christophes contemporaries noted his ruthlessness, and it is unknown how many laborers died during the palaces construction. Under his reign, the palace was the site of opulent feasts and dances. It had immense gardens, artificial springs, and a system of waterworks. Though Sans-Souci is now an empty ruin, at the time its splendor was noted by many foreign visitors. One American physician remarked that it had "the reputation of having been one of the most magnificent edifices of the West Indies."</p><br>
<p>The impressiveness of Sans-Souci was part of Henri Christophes program to demonstrate to foreigners, particularly Europeans and Americans, the power and capability of the black race. The African pride in the construction of the kings palace was captured by the comment of his advisor, Pompée Valentin Vastey (Baron Valentin de Vastey), who said that the palace and its nearby church, "erected by descendants of Africans, show that we have not lost the architectural taste and genius of our ancestors who covered Ethiopia, Egypt, Carthage, and old Spain with their superb monuments." However, Christophe&#39;s reign drew heavily on European monarchical signs of prestige. He established a hereditary nobility, along with coats of arms and prescribed ceremonial dress.</p><br>
<p>Close to the Palace is the renowned mountaintop fortress; the Citadelle Laferrière, built under decree by Henri Christophe to repel a feared French invasion that never occurred. It is reached by continuing on the trail behind the Palace. France, the former colonial power in Haiti, recognized Haiti&#39;s independence in 1825 when Haiti agreed to pay a ruinous indemnity of 150 million francs in return for diplomatic and economic relations.</p><br>
<p>Crippled by a stroke, King Henri I committed suicide on the grounds of the palace on October 8, 1820. According to Haitian legend, he shot himself with a silver bullet. He was subsequently buried in the Citadelle.</p><br>
<p>His son and heir, Jacques-Victor Henry, Prince Royal of Haiti was bayoneted to death by revolutionaries at the Palace on October 18, 1820.</p><br>
<p>Incidentally, the palace shares its name with another Haitian revolutionary leader, Colonel Jean-Baptiste Sans Souci. He was an African slave who may have taken his name from the quartier near the parish of Grande Rivière where he first led troops in guerrilla fighting against the French in 1791. When Henri Christophe and other military leaders split from the French, they asked Sans Souci to join their ranks, but he declined, and particularly viewed Christophe as a traitor. About ten years before the construction of his palace, the future Haitian king sent Colonel Sans Souci a conciliatory message inviting him to his headquarters at Grand Pré. When Sans Souci arrived at the plantation, Christophe&#39;s guards bayoneted him and his small band of guards to death.</p><br>
<p>Some scholars have also asked whether Christophe took part of his inspiration for the palace from the Prussian king Frederick the Great&#39;s palace in Potsdam, Sanssouci, a symbol of European Enlightenment achievement.</p><br>
<p>A severe earthquake in 1842 destroyed a considerable part of the palace and devastated the nearby city of Cap-Haïtien; the palace was never rebuilt. The palace (before its destruction) was acknowledged by many to be the Caribbean equivalent of the Palace of Versailles in France.</p><br>
<p>UNESCO designated it&mdash;and the Citadelle&mdash;World Heritage Sites in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Described as "one of the most remarkable attractions in the Western Hemisphere", the Palace of Sans-Souci is "seldom visited by foreigners" due to "decades of political instability and lawlessness" in Haiti. However, the area is relatively peaceful and easily accessible from the city of Cap-Haïtien.</p><br>
<p>The Paseo YMCA is a USA historic YMCA in Kansas City, Missouri.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Paseo YMCA was and opened in 1914, when Julius Rosenwald encouraged Kansas Citians to raise $80,000 toward building a new YMCA. In 1920 eight independent black baseball team owners met to form what would become the Negro National League and later, the Negro Leagues.</p><br>
<p>Later, in the 1970s, it closed.</p><br>
<h2>Museum renovations</h2><br>
<p>In 2006, an effort was headed by the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum to renovate the museum, called "Thanks a Million Buck". The goal to raise a million dollars was quickly reached when John "Buck" O&#39;Neil died in October 2006.</p><br>
<p>The YMCA is scheduled to reopen as an extension of the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum in 2007 and the Buck O&#39;Neil Education Research Center.</p><br>
<p>The architect of the Paseo YMCA was local architect Charles A. Smith.</p><br>
<p>Les Gavarres or Massís de les Gavarres is a mountain massif in Catalonia, Spain. It is part of the Catalan Coastal Range. The highest point is Puig d&#39;Arques, 532 m. Other important summits are Mare de Déu dels Àngels  and Santa Pellaia .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountains run broadly north-west, south-east in the Costa Brava region. They meet the sea between Castell-Platja d&#39;Aro and Palamós. The range runs as far west as Girona. There are a number of villages in the mountains including Romanyà de la Selva and Santa Pellaia. The mountains also include the hermitage of Mare de Déu dels Àngels where there are views of both the Sea and Pyrenees.</p><br>
<p>The ranges of the Gavarres are generally formed from granite rock, an extension from the volcanic area around Olot. Most mountainsides are covered in a dense forest of cork oak, holm oak, pine and other vegetation. Much of the Gavarres is a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>Karyes  is a settlement in Mount Athos. It is the seat of the clerical and secular administration of the Athonite monastic state. The 2011 Greek census reported a population of 163 inhabitants. It is the largest settlement in Mount Athos.</p><br>
<p>The major church at Karyes is the Protaton, which is the church of the Protos, or president of the monastic community.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Climate</h3><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Serbian Bishop Saint Sava built a church and cell (kelia) at Karyes, where he stayed for some years, becoming a Hieromonk, then an Archimandrite in 1201. He wrote the Karyes Typicon during his stay there, and a marble inscription of his work still exists. In 1219 Sava becomes the first Archbishop of Serbia.</p><br>
<p>In the year 1283, Latin Crusaders during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Michael Paleologos, attacked Mount Athos. They tortured and hanged the Protos, and sacked the Protaton, murdering many of the monks. These monks are commemorated as martyrs by the Orthodox Church on December 5 (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, December 5 falls on December 18 of the Gregorian Calendar).</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Crompton Moor  is an area of moorland in the South Pennines, in North West England. It lies along the northeastern outskirts of Shaw and Crompton, in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Greater Manchester.</p><br>
<p>Spanning approximately 160 acre, and reaching an elevation of 1,282 ft at Crow Knowl, Crompton Moor is one of the largest open spaces run by Oldham Countryside Service. It is a registered common of Greater Manchester, and a Site of Biological Importance since 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Crompton Moor are an active conservation group, who work in partnership with Oldham Countryside Service to maintain and protect this locally unique environment.</p><br>
<p>Most of Crompton Moor is covered in purple moor grass and heather, but there is also a significant amount of pine forest. Wildlife on the moors includes red grouse, golden plover, and the meadow pipit.</p><br>
<p>An early type of axe known as a palstave has been discovered on Crompton Moor, providing evidence of Bronze Age human activity. During the 18th century Crompton Moor had several farms; dry stone walls still exist from these times as evidence of field division for pasture.</p><br>
<p>Crow Knowl, at the summit of Crompton Moor, features a transmitter station, Crow Knowl Telecommunications mast, and an Ordnance Survey triangulation station (at grid reference SD960105). Crow Knowl overlooks Rochdale to the northwest, Manchester to the southwest and Denshaw to the east, amongst other parts of Greater Manchester.</p><br>
<p>Crompton Moor has been the site of several wildfires. A significant fire occurred in 1995, raging for over two weeks and burning a large proportion of the surface vegetation as well as the subsurface peat. Another took place in March 2007.</p><br>
<p>Brushes Clough and Pingot are former coal and sandstone quarries on Crompton Moor. During the 1970s, quarrying was halted, the land was reclaimed, and thousands of pine trees were planted. The area has since been used for recreation, including hiking, orienteering, cycling and horse riding. using stone quarried from this site. After being managed by United Utilities for a number of years, the reservoir and some of the surrounding land is now privately owned.</p><br>
<p>An unnamed waterfall (provisionally called Crompton Waterfall) cascades off Crompton Moor into the now unused Pingot Quarry forming the Old Brook, a tributary of the River Beal.</p><br>
<p>Emba Soira  is the highest mountain in Eritrea. Rising 3,018 m above sea level, it is part of the Eritrean Highlands, one side of the Great Rift Valley which cuts through Eritrea and joins the Red Sea. The mountain is situated in the southeastern part of the Debub  administrative region in central Eritrea.</p><br>
<p>Emba Soira is reached by a paved road from the city of Senafe, located 135 kilometres south of the national capital Asmara. From there, a very difficult and perilous dirt track heading east for almost 20 kilometres leads to the mountain. The last part must be trekked and takes at least a few hours of travel.</p><br>
<h2>Israeli military listening post</h2><br>
<p>The first indication that the listening post was established came in a report from the American geopolitical intelligence platform, Stratfor which said in December 2012 that both Israel and Iran had bases in Eritrea. The report said: "According to Stratfor diplomatic and media sources, Israel has small naval teams in the Dahlak archipelago and Massawa and a listening post in Amba Soira. Israels presence in Eritrea is very focused and precise, involving intelligence gathering in the Red Sea and monitoring Irans activities. Various Stratfor diplomatic sources have said that Israel&#39;s presence in Eritrea is small but significant."</p><br>
<p>In mid-2016, press messages based on information from the Eritrean opposition suggested that Israel had completed the construction of a military listening post on the Emba Soira to monitor the movement of the Arab coalition involved in the war in Yemen and to eavesdrop on Iran. The installation would also be aimed at observing the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the movement of commercial shipping in the southern Red Sea. In an official press release, the Eritrean Ministry of Information has vehemently denied the existence of this installation, calling it "ludicrous disinformation", "deliberately planted by certain countries and agencies to serve ulterior agendas".</p><br>
<p>The Iowa Old Capitol Building is located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It was once the main government building for the state of Iowa, and it now stands as the most prominent landmark at the center of the University of Iowa&#39;s campus. It is a USA National Historic Landmark, and was depicted on the 1946 Iowa Centennial commemorative half dollar.</p><br>
<h2>Government building</h2><br>
<p>John F. Rague is credited with designing the Territorial Capitol Building, he had previously designed the 1837 capitol of Illinois and was supervising its construction when he got the commission to design the new Iowa capitol in 1839. He quit the Iowa project after five months, claiming his design was not followed, but the resemblance to the Illinois capitol suggests he strongly influenced the final Iowa design. One surviving 1839 sketch of the proposed capital shows a radically different layout, with two domes and a central tower.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone of the Old Capitol Building was laid in Iowa City on July 4, 1840. Iowa City served as the third and last territorial capital of Iowa, and the last four territorial legislatures met at the Old Capitol Building until December 28, 1846, when Iowa was admitted into the United States as the 29th state of the union. Iowa City was declared the state capital of Iowa, and the government convened in the Old Capitol Building.</p><br>
<p>The Iowa constitution was crafted in the Old Capitol Building. The first governor of the state of Iowa was inaugurated there, and the first six Iowa general assemblies met in the building. 59 days after being admitted into the union, the state of Iowa passed legislation in the Old Capitol Building authorizing the formation of the state&#39;s first public university, the State University of Iowa, which is known today as The University of Iowa.</p><br>
<p>After ten years of housing the government in Iowa City, the state decided to move the seat of state government and build the Iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, a city located more toward the center of the state. When the state government moved to Des Moines in 1857, the Old Capitol Building became the first permanent building owned by the University of Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Campus landmark and 1970s restoration</h2><br>
<p>The Old Capitol Building housed almost the entire university from 1857 to 1863. As the school grew, the Old Capitol remained the focal point of the university, serving as a library, chapel, and armory, and providing space for classrooms and offices. The state of Iowa authorized a major renovation of the building in the 1920s, and it continued to function as a classroom and office building until the 1970s. University presidents had their offices there until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the building needed another renovation. However, the university decided against converting the building into a modern office building. Instead, the offices were moved out, and with the leadership of Margaret Keyes the university undertook a six-year interior renovation of the building, restoring most of it back to its original condition as a government building in the 1850s, and for use as a state historical museum. It was declared a National Historic Landmark on January 7, 1976. The Old Capitol Building reopened to the public on the nation&#39;s bicentennial, July 4, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>2001 fire and renovation</h2><br>
<p>The 1970s renovation restored the interior of the building to its original condition, but by the 1990s, it was apparent that the building needed exterior and structural repairs. The University of Iowa began another round of renovations to upgrade the Old Capitol Building. Part of the repairs called for asbestos to be removed from the Capitol&#39;s gold dome.</p><br>
<p>On November 20, 2001, contractors using open flame torches and heat guns on the cupola supporting the building&#39;s gold dome accidentally set the cupola on fire. Golden smoke rose from the Old Capitol Building as the dome burned. The fire was limited to the cupola of the building, thanks to a concrete slab firewall that had been installed during the 1920s renovation. The bell at the top of the Old Capitol was irreparably damaged, the dome was destroyed, and the tens of thousands of gallons of water used to douse the blaze caused major damage. The University of Iowa later settled a lawsuit with the contractors for $1.9 million.</p><br>
<p>In February 2003, a new, 12,000 pound wood dome was placed on top of the Old Capitol Building. The dome is covered with 23 carat gold leaf. A new bell was installed, and the old bell is on display inside the building.</p><br>
<h2>Current building</h2><br>
<p>On May 6, 2006, the Old Capitol Building was reopened to the public. The ground floor of the building is now a museum, with exhibits about the history of the building, the university, and the state of Iowa. University meetings and speeches can again take place at the Old Capitol, and as in the past, Ph.D. students often make their doctoral defenses in the chambers of the Old Capitol Building.</p><br>
<p>The Old Capitol sits in the middle of the Pentacrest, five buildings at the center of the University of Iowa&#39;s campus. The Old Capitol is surrounded by four other university buildings in an X pattern to form the Pentacrest. The four other buildings are Jessup Hall directly northwest of the Capitol, MacBride Hall to the northeast, MacLean Hall to the southwest, and Schaeffer Hall to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The University of Iowa&#39;s official logo is a graphic representation of the Old Capitol dome.</p><br>
<p>The Paris Carnegie Public Library was opened to the public on June 24, 1904. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places and is still home to the Paris Public Library at 207 South Main Street in Paris, Illinois, located in Edgar County.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment and construction</h3><br>
<p>The 1904 establishment of the Paris Carnegie Public Library came out of a small library started by the Paris Women&#39;s Club and facilitated by an $18,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie. The building was dedicated on June 24, 1904 at the Christian Church in Paris, following the dedication celebration the library was first opened to the public for inspection. The library, upon opening, was home to over 3,000 volumes.</p><br>
<p>The process of securing a Carnegie Library for Paris was described by Dr. E.O. Laughlin, a member of the city council in Paris when the library was granted to the city. "The idea of securing a Carnegie Library for Paris crystallized in the Ferris drug store, which served the purpose of a popular club in the ‘90’s and later. It was presided over by the genial Dr. Edmund Ferris, veteran of the Civil War, who talked well, listened better, and whose hospitality was such that he never thought of closing the store as long as one guest would remain," Laughlin said. This "club" gathered at the drug store where it was determined that the way to get Carnegie to support a library in Paris was through the written word. Ferris undertook the task of writing the first of several letters to the Carnegie Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The city levied a two mill tax, which was 10% of the $18,000 grant provided by Carnegie. The mayor at the time, Dr. Z.T. Baum appointed a nine-member library board which was sworn in on April 2, 1902. The appointees were to serve a term of three years. The board established a committee in charge of securing options for various possible building sites for the new library. By May 6, 1902 the present-day site, 207 S. Main Street, of the library was selected over six other possible locations at a cost of $6,500. During the month of May it was also learned that the grant would be remitted in installments of $3,000 or $4,000 upon written request of two board members.</p><br>
<p>On August 8, 1902 the architectural firm of Charles Henry & Son out of Akron, Ohio was selected to design the building. It wasn&#39;t until February 17, 1903 that the local contractor H.B. Newman was awarded the building contract with a bid of the grant amount, $18,000 and work began at the construction site.</p><br>
<h3>The library opens</h3><br>
<p>June 4, 1904 the library board met in the newly constructed building for the first time. The library joined 81 other structures in Illinois that Carnegie grants made possible. By the 1920s over 1,700 Carnegie libraries had been established throughout the United States. The Paris Library was built before the time that Carnegie and his secretary James Bertram began to restrict the amount of leeway communities were given in designed their Carnegie libraries. By 1908 Carnegie and Bertram began exercising more control over library plans. Carnegie&#39;s plans generally included brick buildings, for low maintenance, no fireplaces, for they wasted space, basements (necessitating stairs). Though the Paris Library was built four years before these plans were outlined the building is still pretty typical of Carnegie library buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>The Paris Public Library became a member of the Lincoln Trail Libraries System, an inter-library loan program, in 1966. That same year Katherine Bishop left a $90,000 bequest in memory of her sister, Lucy. The money was used to increase the librarys reference collection and nonfiction collection. The collection at the Paris Library grew through the years until it finally reached capacity. In 1972 the meeting room in the library was renovated to house the childrens collection. But eventually it was necessary to expand the Paris Public Library. The library board hired Frederick A Schlipf of Urbana Free Library as a consultant and Bhupen Panchal as architect. Panchal designed a 2,540 ft&sup2; addition at an estimated cost of $314,000. By this time, spring of 1990, the library board applied for a construction grant from the Illinois State Library.</p><br>
<p>July 12, 1990 then Secretary of State and State Librarian Jim Edgar arrived in Paris where he announced the Paris Carnegie Public Library would receive a grant in the amount of $124,000. Volunteers then took to the phones to raise contributions until $100,000 was reached. Among the notable contributors to the librarys fund drive were the Monday Club, a club which had met in the library for over 70 years and the Paris Womens Club, the original holders of the Paris Library which was disbanding at the time of the addition to the library. The construction contract was awarded to R.J. King Company, Inc. and ground was broken on the new addition on July 25, 1991.</p><br>
<p>Construction began on September 11, 1991 and by June 1992 the new handicapped accessible entrance was opened to the public. The entire construction project was completed at a cost of $322,895 with an additional $9,045 spent on new shelving. Throughout the construction period the library remained open to the public with a circulation, 67,616, just 1,000 items short of a typical years circulation. The new addition included, as well as the shelving for the librarys 33,000+ volumes, an elevator, two new public restrooms, the handicapped accessible entrance, and a large meeting room named for Gibson. In 2002 the library adapted the northwest room to house two walls of books and six computers, of which four have Internet access. In 2004 the southeast reading room was rearranged to house the collection of large print books.</p><br>
<h2>Library people</h2><br>
<h3>Librarians</h3><br>
<p>The Paris Womens Club operated its library until the new library building opened and donated their book collection, housed in the Bibo Building on West Court Street, to the library. Jane Bishop became the first librarian at the Womens Club Library; she received a salary of $2.00 per week. When Bishop resigned Emma Boyd became the librarys first librarian in its new building. Following Boyd a number of others served as librarian, Ruth Link, Cressie Strimple, Minnie Denton, and Leota Price all held the post. In 1929 Nina Dulin Russell took over librarian from Price, she held the post until 1961. Her tenure was the longest of any librarian in Paris Librarys history. Russell was trained as a librarian at the University of Illinois and served as first assistant librarian from 1924 to 1929 before becoming head librarian. After Russell&#39;s tenure the post was held by Alice Feutz from 1962–1969, Susanne J. Spicer from 1969–1982, Judy Caveney from 1982-1988. As of 2006 Teresa Pennington has held the post since 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Library Board</h3><br>
<p>Mary Ida Riedell has had the Paris Library Boards longest tenure. Riedell served on the board from 1948 until 2002. She held each office on the board more than once. The boards first president was J.E. Parrish in 1902. From 1915 to June 1918 there was no appointed library board. During this time period the Paris City Council made appointments of librarians. The mayor swore in a new and complete nine member library board on June 14, 1918. Additionally Robert Gibson served on the library board from 1983 until his death in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Other Paris libraries</h2><br>
<p>The Paris Carnegie Public Library and the Women&#39;s Club library were not the first libraries in Paris. The first one was likely the Paris Library Association which started in December 1857. The subscriber supported library charge members $25 in installments of $5.00, by December 1857 the Association had collected nearly $400. The chairman of the Library Association was Thomas Marks and Henry W. Davis served as secretary. By October 1858 the library held six to seven hundred volumes at a value of $925. the books were stored in various locations and loaned out during normal business hours. After the Civil War the association was disbanded and the book collection divided up amongst the stockholders.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s and 1880s a library holding over 1,000 volumes was run by the YMCA. The books were housed in a reading room used by young men and boys. The YMCA library lasted until the end of the 1880s. Until the Women&#39;s Club established its 1,000 volume library in 1899 Paris had no library.</p><br>
<p>Paxton Carnegie Public Library is in the Ford County, Illinois city of Paxton. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places. The building is still used by the Paxton Carnegie Library and is open as a public library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This Carnegie Library was established in 1903 with the help of a grant from steel magnate Andrew Carnegie. The building was designed by architect Paul O. Moratz of Bloomington, Illinois and its unique architectural features have been preserved throughout its over 100 year history. Construction on the Paxton Library began when the $10,000 Carnegie grant came though; the cornerstone was laid by Harry and George Turner in October 1903. The interior has been restored to its original 1903 appearance, the original furnishings are still in use as is the original oak circulation desk. In 2003 the cornerstone of the library was removed during the 100th anniversary celebration by Harry Turner&#39;s grandson, Alan Turner of Paxton.</p><br>
<h2>The library today</h2><br>
<p>As of November 2006 the library director is Anne Newman and the library has five clerks on its staff. The Paxton Public Library is governed by a nine-member board of trustees which meets the first Wednesday of each month. Today, the library houses over 26,000 volumes, subscriptions to 73 periodicals for adults and 10 for children and 4 newspapers, 900 videos, 300 audio books, microfilm, vertical files, city and county history information, large print books and computers and fax machines for public use. Books are circulated for two weeks at a time, magazines for one week and videos for two days. There are overdue fines assessed. All residents of the city of Paxton can have a free library card while non residents are required to pay an annual fee. The library is an active member of the Lincoln Trails Libraries System, an interlibrary loan program.</p><br>
<p>The Machchhu dam failure or Morbi disaster was a dam-related flood disaster which occurred on 11 August 1979, in India. The Machchu-2 dam, situated on the Machhu river, burst, sending a wall of water through the town of Morbi (now in the Morbi district of Gujarat, India. Estimates of the number of people killed vary greatly ranging from 1800 to 25000 people.</p><br>
<p>The failure was caused by excessive rain and massive flooding leading to the disintegration of the earthen walls of the four kilometer long Machchu II dam. The spillway capacity provided for 5663 m³/s. The actual observed flow following the intense rainfall reached 16307 m³/s, thrice what the dam was designed for, resulting in its collapse. Within 20 minutes the floods of 12 to 30 ft height inundated the low-lying areas of Morvi industrial town located 5 km below the dam. During reconstruction of the dam the capacity of the spillway was increased by 4 times and fixed at about 21,000 m³/s.</p><br>
<p>The Morbi dam failure was listed as the worst dam burst in the Guinness Book of Records (before the death toll of the 1975 Banquiao Dam failure was declassified in 2005). The book No One Had A Tongue To Speak by Tom Wooten and Utpal Sandesara debunks the official claims that the dam failure was an act of God and points to structural and communication failures that led to and exacerbated the disaster. There was great economic loss. The flood damaged the farmland, leading to a decrease in productivity of crops.</p><br>
